Current and promising applications of MOF composites in the healing of diabetes wounds.

Diabetes mellitus is an exponentially growing chronic metabolic disease identified by prolonged hyperglycemia that leads to a plethora of health problems. It is well established that the skin of diabetic patients is more prone to injury, and hence, wound healing is an utmost critical restorative process for injured skin and other tissues. Diabetes patients have problems with wound healing at all stages, which ultimately results in delays in the healing process. Therefore, it is vital to find new medications or techniques to hasten the healing of wounds. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an assorted class of porous hybrid materials comprising metal ions coordinated to organic ligands, can display great potential in accelerating diabetic wound healing due to their good physicochemical properties. The release of metal ions during the degradation of MOFs can promote the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and subsequently angiogenesis. Secondly, similar to enzyme-like active substances, they can eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction (secondary to the bio-load of wound bacteria), which is conducive to accelerating diabetic wound healing. Subsequently, MOFs can support the slow release of drugs (molecular or gas therapeutics) in diabetic wounds and promote wound healing by regulating pathological signaling pathways in the wound microenvironment or inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors. In addition, the combination of photodynamic and photothermal therapies using photo-stimulated porphyrin-based MOF nanosystems has brought up a new idea for treating complicated diabetic wound microenvironments. In this review, recent advances affecting diabetic wound healing, current means of rapid diabetic wound healing, and the limitations of traditional approaches are discussed. Further, the diabetic wound healing applications of MOFs have been discussed followed by the future challenges and directions of MOF materials in diabetic wound healing.