Zaid Mohammed H, Al-Fartusie Falah S, Pazhang Yaghub, Kader Safaa
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
Biometals. 2024 Dec;37(6):1565-1574. doi: 10.1007/s10534-024-00626-w. Epub 2024 Aug 23.
Diabetic nephropathy, a common complication of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is associated with abnormal lipid profiles, liver dysfunction, and kidney impairment. However, research on its association with trace elements in Iraqi patients is limited. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the association between lipid profile, liver function, and trace elements in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients. In this study, 120 individuals were selected. Sixty of these individuals were labeled as the DN patient group, and 60 individuals were labeled as the healthy control group. A flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) was utilized to assess the levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg), whereas a flameless atomic absorption (FAA) was used to assess manganese (Mn). A colorimetric method was used based on the protocols included in the leaflets by Spinreact kits to determine the levels of lipid profiles and liver function enzymes in the serum. The mean value of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) decreased significantly in the DN patient group compared to the control group (p < 0.001) while cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased insignificantly. Conversely, the mean value of triglycerides (TGs) increased significantly in patient group ((p < 0.001) while very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) increased insignificantly. On the other hand, the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ- glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly greater in DN patients compared to the healthy controls. Conversely, the mean values of total protein (TP) and albumin (Alb) were significantly lower in the DN patient group. In terms of trace elements, the mean values of Zn, Mg, and Mn were significantly lower in each of the patient groups compared to the healthy group. Conversely, a significant elevation in the means of Cu and Fe was observed in patients compared to the healthy group. Additionally, the findings revealed no association between BMI and lipid profile, liver enzymes, or trace elements. However, an association with age was limited to TGs, ALP, and GGT. The study's results show that the DN patients have abnormalities in their serum trace element levels. This means that these elements could be valuable indicators for monitoring and assessing the progression of DN. Understanding the correlation between lipid profile, liver function, and trace elements could offer valuable insights for managing and preventing diabetic nephropathy. More extensive studies, including an additional group of DM patients without nephropathy complications, are required, and could be used in practice due to the progression of the disease.
糖尿病肾病是2型糖尿病（T2DM）的常见并发症，与血脂异常、肝功能障碍和肾功能损害有关。然而，关于伊拉克患者中糖尿病肾病与微量元素之间关联的研究有限。本研究的目的是评估糖尿病肾病（DN）患者的血脂、肝功能和微量元素之间的关联。在本研究中，选取了120名个体。其中60名个体被标记为DN患者组，60名个体被标记为健康对照组。使用火焰原子吸收分光光度计（FAAS）评估锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）和镁（Mg）的水平，而使用无火焰原子吸收法（FAA）评估锰（Mn）的水平。基于Spinreact试剂盒说明书中的方案，采用比色法测定血清中的血脂水平和肝功能酶水平。与对照组相比，DN患者组的高密度脂蛋白（HDL）平均值显著降低（p < 0.001），而胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）降低不显著。相反，患者组的甘油三酯（TGs）平均值显著升高（p < 0.001），而极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）升高不显著。另一方面，与健康对照组相比，DN患者的天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）和γ-谷氨酰转移酶（GGT）的平均值显著更高。相反，DN患者组的总蛋白（TP）和白蛋白（Alb）平均值显著更低。在微量元素方面，与健康组相比，每个患者组的Zn、Mg和Mn平均值均显著更低。相反，与健康组相比，患者的Cu和Fe平均值显著升高。此外研究结果显示，体重指数（BMI）与血脂、肝酶或微量元素之间无关联。然而，与年龄的关联仅限于TGs、ALP和GGT。该研究结果表明，DN患者的血清微量元素水平存在异常。这意味着这些元素可能是监测和评估DN进展的有价值指标。了解血脂、肝功能和微量元素之间的相关性可为糖尿病肾病的管理和预防提供有价值的见解。需要进行更广泛的研究，包括另一组无肾病并发症的糖尿病患者，并且由于该疾病的进展情况，这些研究结果可应用于实际。
