Self-inspired learning for denoising live-cell super-resolution microscopy.

Every collected photon is precious in live-cell super-resolution (SR) microscopy. Here, we describe a data-efficient, deep learning-based denoising solution to improve diverse SR imaging modalities. The method, SN2N, is a Self-inspired Noise2Noise module with self-supervised data generation and self-constrained learning process. SN2N is fully competitive with supervised learning methods and circumvents the need for large training set and clean ground truth, requiring only a single noisy frame for training. We show that SN2N improves photon efficiency by one-to-two orders of magnitude and is compatible with multiple imaging modalities for volumetric, multicolor, time-lapse SR microscopy. We further integrated SN2N into different SR reconstruction algorithms to effectively mitigate image artifacts. We anticipate SN2N will enable improved live-SR imaging and inspire further advances.