Bhagawati Mrinalini, Paul Sudip, Mantella Laura, Johri Amer M, Gupta Siddharth, Laird John R, Singh Inder M, Khanna Narendra N, Al-Maini Mustafa, Isenovic Esma R, Tiwari Ekta, Singh Rajesh, Nicolaides Andrew, Saba Luca, Anand Vinod, Suri Jasjit S
Department of Biomedical Engineering, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Aug 28;14(17):1894. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14171894.
BACKGROUND: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has traditionally been predicted via the assessment of carotid plaques. In the proposed study, AtheroEdge™ 3.0 (AtheroPoint™, Roseville, CA, USA) was designed to demonstrate how well the features obtained from carotid plaques determine the risk of CVD. We hypothesize that hybrid deep learning (HDL) will outperform unidirectional deep learning, bidirectional deep learning, and machine learning (ML) paradigms. METHODOLOGY: 500 people who had undergone targeted carotid B-mode ultrasonography and coronary angiography were included in the proposed study. ML feature selection was carried out using three different methods, namely principal component analysis (PCA) pooling, the chi-square test (CST), and the random forest regression (RFR) test. The unidirectional and bidirectional deep learning models were trained, and then six types of novel HDL-based models were designed for CVD risk stratification. The AtheroEdge™ 3.0 was scientifically validated using and datasets while the reliability and statistical tests were conducted using CST along with -value significance. The performance of AtheroEdge™ 3.0 was evaluated by measuring the -value and area-under-the-curve for both and data. RESULTS: The HDL system showed an improvement of 30.20% (0.954 vs. 0.702) over the ML system using the datasets. The ML feature extraction analysis showed 70% of common features among all three methods. The generalization of AtheroEdge™ 3.0 showed less than 1% (-value < 0.001) difference between and data, complying with regulatory standards. CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis for AtheroEdge™ 3.0 was scientifically validated, and the model was tested for reliability and stability and is further adaptable clinically.
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