Almanasef Mona, Bajis Dalia, Al-Haqan Asmaa, Alnahar Saja, Bates Ian
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands.
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2024 Sep 21;16:100515. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100515. eCollection 2024 Dec.
Resilience is a complex concept that is defined and influenced by the context of individuals, organisations, societies and cultures. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is a widely used validated tool to evaluate psychological resilience. CD-RISC is a self-administered scale of twenty-five items, each rated by a 5-point Likert scale. The scale evaluates overall personal resilience through assessing five main resilience-related constructs; personal competence, trust in one's instincts, positive acceptance of change, control and spiritual influences. As per the scale's developers, higher scores reflecting greater level of resilience. This particular tool has not previously been tested with a pharmacy student or academic population sample.
This study aims to assess the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the CD-RISC-25 in a sample of pharmacy students and academics from faculties drawn across the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR).
A cross-sectional study was carried out between October 2020 and January 2021 sampling pharmacy students and academics across the EMR who were invited to complete the self-administered CD-RISC 25 questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components analysis with oblique rotation was conducted on sample responses ( = 616). The internal consistency and reliability for each identified factor and from the CD-RISC scale was evaluated by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
Five factors were isolated accounting for 51.5 % total cumulative model variance. Identification of factors showed high convergence with previous work on the CD-RISC resilience tool. The current study in our sample found a five-factor structure which differed from the original scale reliabilities. This study did identify a five-factor solution with differing item factor loadings. The reliability analysis on the CD-RISC-25 items in our study sample revealed an overall Cronbach Alpha value of 0.89; however, three items showed corrected Item-total correlations of <0.3. Our analysis, in this respondent sample, suggested a re-adjustment of the scale inclusions to improve overall scale stability and performance.
The current research findings propose a modified five-factor structure to resilience, with a 22-item unidimensional model of CD-RISC scale.
心理韧性是一个复杂的概念，其定义和受到个人、组织、社会及文化背景的影响。康纳-戴维森心理韧性量表（CD-RISC）是一种广泛使用的经过验证的评估心理韧性的工具。CD-RISC是一个由25个项目组成的自填式量表，每个项目采用5点李克特量表评分。该量表通过评估五个与心理韧性相关的主要构念来评估整体个人心理韧性；个人能力、对自身直觉的信任、对变化的积极接受、掌控力和精神影响。根据该量表开发者的说法，分数越高表明心理韧性水平越高。此前尚未在药学专业学生或学术人群样本中对这一特定工具进行测试。
本研究旨在评估CD-RISC-25在来自东地中海区域（EMR）各学院的药学专业学生和学者样本中的因子结构、效度和信度。
于2020年10月至2021年1月期间开展了一项横断面研究，对EMR各地的药学专业学生和学者进行抽样，邀请他们完成自填式CD-RISC 25问卷。对样本回答（n = 616）进行了使用主成分分析和斜交旋转的验证性因子分析。使用克朗巴哈α系数评估每个识别出的因子以及CD-RISC量表的内部一致性和信度。
分离出五个因子，占总累积模型方差的51.5%。因子识别显示与之前关于CD-RISC心理韧性工具的研究高度趋同。本研究在我们的样本中发现了一种与原始量表信度不同的五因子结构。本研究确实识别出了一种具有不同项目因子载荷的五因子解决方案。对我们研究样本中CD-RISC-25项目的信度分析显示，总体克朗巴哈α值为0.89；然而，有三个项目的校正项目-总分相关系数<0.3。我们在这个应答者样本中的分析表明，需要重新调整量表条目以提高整体量表的稳定性和性能。
当前的研究结果提出了一种经过修改的心理韧性五因子结构以及一个由22个项目组成的CD-RISC量表单维模型。
