Kushwaha Rahul, Palei Narahari N
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Pharmaceut Med. 2024 Nov;38(6):407-427. doi: 10.1007/s40290-024-00537-8. Epub 2024 Oct 14.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are a highly appealing and innovative method of administering drugs through the skin, as it enables the drugs to achieve systemic effects. A TDDS offers patient convenience, avoids first-pass hepatic metabolism, enables local targeting, and reduces the toxic effect of drug. This review details several generations of TDDS and the advancements made in their development to address the constraints associated with skin delivery systems. Transdermal delivery methods of the first generation have been consistently growing in their clinical application for administering small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation TDDS, utilizing chemical enhancers and iontophoresis, have led to the development of clinical products. Third-generation delivery systems employ microneedles, thermal ablation, and electroporation to specifically target the stratum corneum, which is the skin's barrier layer. Dermatokinetics is the study of the movement of drugs and formulations applied to the skin over a period of time. It provides important information regarding the rate and extent to which drugs penetrate skin layers. Several dermatokinetic techniques, including tape stripping, microdialysis, and laser scanning microscopy, have been used to study the intricate barrier properties and clearance mechanisms of the skin. This understanding is essential for developing and improving effective TDDS.
经皮给药系统（TDDS）是一种极具吸引力和创新性的给药方式，通过皮肤给药，使药物能够产生全身效应。TDDS为患者提供了便利，避免了肝脏首过代谢，实现了局部靶向给药，并降低了药物的毒副作用。本文综述了几代经皮给药系统及其在开发过程中取得的进展，以解决与皮肤给药系统相关的限制因素。第一代经皮给药方法在临床应用中不断发展，用于施用小分子、亲脂性、低剂量药物。第二代TDDS利用化学促进剂和离子导入技术，推动了临床产品的开发。第三代给药系统采用微针、热消融和电穿孔技术，专门针对皮肤的屏障层——角质层。皮肤动力学是研究药物和制剂在一段时间内施用于皮肤后的移动情况。它提供了有关药物穿透皮肤层的速率和程度的重要信息。几种皮肤动力学技术，包括胶带剥离法、微透析法和激光扫描显微镜法，已被用于研究皮肤复杂的屏障特性和清除机制。这种认识对于开发和改进有效的经皮给药系统至关重要。
