Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus DK-8000, Denmark.
Aging (Albany NY). 2024 Oct 24;16(20):13012-13024. doi: 10.18632/aging.206134.
Iron oxide nanomaterials (FeO NMs) have important biomedical and environmental applications, e.g. drug delivery, chemotherapy, magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, etc. However, the environmental risks of such FeO are not fully assessed, particularly for soil living invertebrates, which are among the ones in the first line of exposure. Research has showed that longer-term exposure time is required to assess hazards of NMs, not predicted when based on shorter time and are therefore recommended. Thus, in the present study the effects of FeO NMs and FeCl were assessed in the terrestrial environment, using the soil model species (Oligochaeta), throughout its entire lifespan (202 days). Two animals' density were used: 1 (D1) and 40 (D40) animals per replicate, in LUFA 2.2 soil. The endpoints were survival and reproduction monitored over-time, up to 202 days. Results showed that density clearly affected the toxicity response, with higher toxicity and lower lifespan in D1 compared to D40. Overall, FeCl was more toxic than FeO NM in terms of reproduction, however, adult animals can be at higher (long-term) risk when exposed to FeO NM. Differences might be linked to slower Fe kinetics for the FeO NMs, i.e., slower Fe dissolution and release of ions.
氧化铁纳米材料（FeO NMs）在生物医药和环境领域有重要应用，例如药物输送、化疗、磁共振成像对比剂等。然而，此类 FeO 的环境风险尚未得到充分评估，特别是对于生活在土壤中的无脊椎动物，它们处于最先暴露的位置之一。研究表明，需要更长的暴露时间来评估纳米材料的危害，而基于较短时间的预测则无法涵盖这些危害，因此推荐采用更长的暴露时间。因此，本研究采用土壤模式生物（寡毛纲环节动物），在整个生命周期（202 天）内，评估了氧化铁纳米材料（FeO NMs）和 FeCl 在陆地环境中的影响。使用了两种动物密度：每个重复 1（D1）和 40（D40）只动物，在 LUFA 2.2 土壤中进行实验。监测了随时间推移的生存和繁殖终点，直至 202 天。结果表明，密度明显影响了毒性反应，D1 组的毒性更高，寿命更短。总体而言，FeCl 在繁殖方面比 FeO NM 更具毒性，但对于暴露于 FeO NM 的成年动物而言，它们可能面临更高的（长期）风险。差异可能与 FeO NMs 较慢的 Fe 动力学有关，即较慢的 Fe 溶解和离子释放。
