Implantable Self-Powered Systems for Electrical Stimulation Medical Devices.

With the integration of bioelectronics and materials science, implantable self-powered systems for electrical stimulation medical devices have emerged as an innovative therapeutic approach, garnering significant attention in medical research. These devices achieve self-powering through integrated energy conversion modules, such as triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), significantly enhancing the portability and long-term efficacy of therapeutic equipment. This review delves into the design strategies and clinical applications of implantable self-powered systems, encompassing the design and optimization of energy harvesting modules, the selection and fabrication of adaptable electrode materials, innovations in systematic design strategies, and the extensive utilization of implantable self-powered systems in biological therapies, including the treatment of neurological disorders, tissue regeneration engineering, drug delivery, and tumor therapy. Through a comprehensive analysis of the latest research progress, technical challenges, and future directions in these areas, this paper aims to provide valuable insights and inspiration for further research and clinical applications of implantable self-powered systems.