Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
Biomedical Materials Engineering Research Center, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
J Hematol Oncol. 2024 Nov 29;17(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s13045-024-01640-8.
Cancer is the second most common cause of death globally. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate cancer incidence, mortality rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to enhance preventive measures and healthcare resource allocation. This study aimed to assess cancer burden and associated risk factors in 204 countries and territories between 1980 and 2021.
We selected data on cancer incidence and mortality rates and associated risk factors from the global burden of disease (GBD) study tool for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 and 1980 to 2021. We estimated the age-standardized incidence (ASIR) and age-standardized deaths (ASDR) of 34 cancer types categorized as level 3 causes based on the GBD hierarchy.
In 2021, cancer accounted for 14.57% (95% uncertainty interval: 13.65-15.28) of total deaths and 8.8% (7.99-9.67) of total DALYs in both sexes globally. ASIR and ASDR were 790.33 (694.43-893.01) and 116.49 (107.28-124.69), respectively. Additionally, females exhibited higher ASIR than males (923.44 versus 673.09), while males exhibited higher ASDR than females (145.69 versus 93.60). This indicates that policymakers should focus on the importance of gender equality in healthcare. Non-melanoma skin cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (74.10) in both sexes, while digestive cancers accounted for 39.29% of all cancer-related deaths, and Asia exhibited the heaviest cancer burden. In females, breast cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (46.40) and ASDR (14.55). In males, tracheal, bronchial, and lung cancer exhibited the highest ASIR (37.85) and ASDR (34.32), highlighting the urgent need for targeted tobacco control measures. Different cancers in various countries exhibit unique characteristics. Therefore, policymakers should formulate specific prevention and control strategies that reflect the cancer in their country. Tobacco was the primary level 2 risk factor for cancer DALYs in males. It accounted for 29.32% (25.32-33.14) of all cancer DALYs. Dietary risks, alcohol consumption, and air pollution accounted for 5.89% (2.01-10.73), 5.48% (4.83-6.11), and 4.30% (2.77-5.95) of male cancer DALYs, respectively. Therefore, policymakers should prioritize smoking regulation and other carcinogenic risks.
Cancer is a significant public health concern globally. Understanding the common etiologies of different cancers is essential for developing effective control strategies and targeted interventions.
癌症是全球第二大常见死因。因此，调查癌症发病率、死亡率和伤残调整生命年（DALYs）对于加强预防措施和医疗资源配置至关重要。本研究旨在评估 1980 年至 2021 年间 204 个国家和地区的癌症负担和相关风险因素。
我们从全球疾病负担（GBD）研究工具中选择了 1990 年至 2021 年和 1980 年至 2021 年间 204 个国家和地区的癌症发病率和死亡率数据以及相关风险因素。我们根据 GBD 层次结构，将 34 种癌症类型归类为 3 级病因，并估计了这些癌症的年龄标准化发病率（ASIR）和年龄标准化死亡率（ASDR）。
2021 年，癌症占全球男女总死亡人数的 14.57%（95%不确定区间：13.65-15.28%）和总伤残调整生命年（DALYs）的 8.8%（7.99-9.67%）。ASIR 和 ASDR 分别为 790.33（694.43-893.01）和 116.49（107.28-124.69）。此外，女性的 ASIR 高于男性（923.44 比 673.09），而男性的 ASDR 高于女性（145.69 比 93.60）。这表明决策者应关注医疗保健中性别平等的重要性。非黑色素瘤皮肤癌在两性中的 ASIR 最高（74.10），而消化系统癌症占所有癌症相关死亡人数的 39.29%，亚洲的癌症负担最重。在女性中，乳腺癌的 ASIR（46.40）和 ASDR（14.55）最高。在男性中，气管、支气管和肺癌的 ASIR（37.85）和 ASDR（34.32）最高，突显出有必要针对烟草采取有针对性的控制措施。不同国家的不同癌症具有独特的特征。因此，决策者应制定具体的预防和控制策略，反映本国的癌症情况。在男性中，烟草是癌症 DALYs 的主要二级风险因素。它占所有癌症 DALYs 的 29.32%（25.32-33.14）。饮食风险、饮酒和空气污染分别占男性癌症 DALYs 的 5.89%（2.01-10.73%）、5.48%（4.83-6.11%）和 4.30%（2.77-5.95%）。因此，决策者应优先考虑吸烟管理和其他致癌风险。
癌症是全球重大公共卫生问题。了解不同癌症的常见病因对于制定有效的控制策略和针对性干预措施至关重要。
