Jane Ling Miaw Yn, Ahmad Norfazilah, Mohd Radi Mohd Firdaus, Aizuddin Azimatun Noor
Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia.
PLoS One. 2025 Jan 7;20(1):e0311834. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311834. eCollection 2025.
The burden of type 2 diabetes is increasing globally. Risk perception of type 2 diabetes plays an important role in motivating adoption of healthy lifestyle and preventive health interventions. To address the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes in Malaysia, a better understanding on its risk perception is needed as a guide for preventive interventions. This study was aimed at developing and validating a Malay-language questionnaire to assess the risk perception of type 2 diabetes (RPDM) among Malaysians.
The questionnaire (RPDM) was developed based on the Health Belief Model and previous literature. A 59-item question pool was initially developed, reviewed by experts for content validity and pretested on five respondents. Different samples were used for pilot study (n = 100) and subsequent validation study (n = 158). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to evaluate construct validity and construct reliability of the questionnaire.
The EFA yielded five-factors model, including 48 items with good factor loadings of > 0.40. CFA was carried out using item parceling. The final model shows acceptable model fit and had sufficient convergent and discriminant validity. The value of construct reliability ranged between 0.76 and 0.90.
This newly developed and validated Malay-language RPDM questionnaire is valid and reliable for measuring the five constructs (perceived self-efficacy, perceived severity, perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and perceived barrier) of risk perception of type 2 diabetes among Malaysians. This Malay-language questionnaire may contribute to a better understanding of risk perception of type 2 diabetes among Malaysians, as well as enhancement of diabetes prevention communication between healthcare providers and their clients.
2型糖尿病的全球负担正在增加。2型糖尿病的风险认知在促使人们采取健康生活方式和预防性健康干预措施方面发挥着重要作用。为应对马来西亚2型糖尿病日益加重的负担，需要更好地了解其风险认知，以此作为预防性干预措施的指导。本研究旨在开发并验证一份马来语问卷，以评估马来西亚人对2型糖尿病的风险认知（RPDM）。
问卷（RPDM）基于健康信念模型和以往文献编制。最初编制了一个包含59个条目的问题池，经专家审查内容效度，并在5名受访者中进行预测试。不同样本用于预试验（n = 100）和后续验证研究（n = 158）。采用探索性因子分析（EFA）和验证性因子分析（CFA）来评估问卷的结构效度和结构信度。
EFA得出五因素模型，包括48个条目，因子载荷> 0.40，效果良好。使用项目打包法进行CFA。最终模型显示模型拟合度可接受，具有足够的收敛效度和区分效度。结构信度值在0.76至0.90之间。
这份新开发并验证的马来语RPDM问卷在测量马来西亚人对2型糖尿病风险认知的五个结构（感知自我效能、感知严重性、感知益处、感知易感性和感知障碍）方面是有效且可靠的。这份马来语问卷可能有助于更好地了解马来西亚人对2型糖尿病的风险认知，以及加强医疗服务提供者与其客户之间关于糖尿病预防的沟通。
