Sayer Catherine A, Fernando Eresha, Jimenez Randall R, Macfarlane Nicholas B W, Rapacciuolo Giovanni, Böhm Monika, Brooks Thomas M, Contreras-MacBeath Topiltzin, Cox Neil A, Harrison Ian, Hoffmann Michael, Jenkins Richard, Smith Kevin G, Vié Jean-Christophe, Abbott John C, Allen David J, Allen Gerald R, Barrios Violeta, Boudot Jean-Pierre, Carrizo Savrina F, Charvet Patricia, Clausnitzer Viola, Congiu Leonardo, Crandall Keith A, Cumberlidge Neil, Cuttelod Annabelle, Dalton James, Daniels Adam G, De Grave Sammy, De Knijf Geert, Dijkstra Klaas-Douwe B, Dow Rory A, Freyhof Jörg, García Nieves, Gessner Joern, Getahun Abebe, Gibson Claudine, Gollock Matthew J, Grant Michael I, Groom Alice E R, Hammer Michael P, Hammerson Geoffrey A, Hilton-Taylor Craig, Hodgkinson Laurel, Holland Robert A, Jabado Rima W, Juffe Bignoli Diego, Kalkman Vincent J, Karimov Bakhtiyor K, Kipping Jens, Kottelat Maurice, Lalèyè Philippe A, Larson Helen K, Lintermans Mark, Lozano Federico, Ludwig Arne, Lyons Timothy J, Máiz-Tomé Laura, Molur Sanjay, Ng Heok Hee, Numa Catherine, Palmer-Newton Amy F, Pike Charlotte, Pippard Helen E, Polaz Carla N M, Pollock Caroline M, Raghavan Rajeev, Rand Peter S, Ravelomanana Tsilavina, Reis Roberto E, Rigby Cassandra L, Scott Janet A, Skelton Paul H, Sloat Matthew R, Snoeks Jos, Stiassny Melanie L J, Tan Heok Hui, Taniguchi Yoshinori, Thorstad Eva B, Tognelli Marcelo F, Torres Armi G, Torres Yan, Tweddle Denis, Watanabe Katsutoshi, Westrip James R S, Wright Emma G E, Zhang E, Darwall William R T
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Cambridge, UK.
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), San Jose, Costa Rica.
Nature. 2025 Feb;638(8049):138-145. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08375-z. Epub 2025 Jan 8.
Freshwater ecosystems are highly biodiverse and important for livelihoods and economic development, but are under substantial stress. To date, comprehensive global assessments of extinction risk have not included any speciose groups primarily living in freshwaters. Consequently, data from predominantly terrestrial tetrapods are used to guide environmental policy and conservation prioritization, whereas recent proposals for target setting in freshwaters use abiotic factors. However, there is evidence that such data are insufficient to represent the needs of freshwater species and achieve biodiversity goals. Here we present the results of a multi-taxon global freshwater fauna assessment for The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species covering 23,496 decapod crustaceans, fishes and odonates, finding that one-quarter are threatened with extinction. Prevalent threats include pollution, dams and water extraction, agriculture and invasive species, with overharvesting also driving extinctions. We also examined the degree of surrogacy of both threatened tetrapods and freshwater abiotic factors (water stress and nitrogen) for threatened freshwater species. Threatened tetrapods are good surrogates when prioritizing sites to maximize rarity-weighted richness, but poorer when prioritizing based on the most range-restricted species. However, they are much better surrogates than abiotic factors, which perform worse than random. Thus, although global priority regions identified for tetrapod conservation are broadly reflective of those for freshwater faunas, given differences in key threats and habitats, meeting the needs of tetrapods cannot be assumed sufficient to conserve freshwater species at local scales.
淡水生态系统具有高度的生物多样性，对生计和经济发展至关重要，但正承受着巨大压力。迄今为止，全球对灭绝风险的全面评估尚未涵盖任何主要生活在淡水中的物种丰富的类群。因此，主要来自陆生四足动物的数据被用于指导环境政策和保护优先级的确定，而最近关于淡水目标设定的提议则使用非生物因素。然而，有证据表明，这些数据不足以代表淡水物种的需求并实现生物多样性目标。在此，我们展示了一项针对国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录的多分类群全球淡水动物评估结果，该评估涵盖了23496种十足目甲壳动物、鱼类和蜻蜓目昆虫，发现其中四分之一面临灭绝威胁。普遍存在的威胁包括污染、水坝和取水、农业以及入侵物种，过度捕捞也导致了物种灭绝。我们还研究了受威胁的四足动物和淡水非生物因素（水分胁迫和氮）对于受威胁淡水物种的替代程度。在优先考虑地点以最大化稀有度加权丰富度时，受威胁的四足动物是很好的替代指标，但在基于分布范围最受限的物种进行优先级排序时则表现较差。然而，它们比非生物因素要好得多，非生物因素的表现比随机选择还要差。因此，尽管为四足动物保护确定的全球优先区域大致反映了淡水动物群的优先区域，但考虑到关键威胁和栖息地的差异，不能认为满足四足动物的需求就足以在地方尺度上保护淡水物种。
