Ramírez-Ruiz Fernanda, Núñez-Tapia Israel, Piña-Barba María Cristina, Alvarez-Pérez Marco Antonio, Guarino Vincenzo, Serrano-Bello Janeth
Tissue Bioengineering Laboratory, Division of Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior s/n, University City, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
Materials Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito Exterior s/n, University City, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
Bioengineering (Basel). 2025 Jan 8;12(1):46. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering12010046.
In the last thirty years, tissue engineering (TI) has emerged as an alternative method to regenerate tissues and organs and restore their function by implanting specific lineage cells, growth factors, or biomolecules functionalizing a matrix scaffold. Recently, several pathologies have led to bone loss or damage, such as malformations, bone resorption associated with benign or malignant tumors, periodontal disease, traumas, and others in which a discontinuity in tissue integrity is observed. Bone tissue is characterized by different stiffness, mechanical traction, and compression resistance as a function of the different compartments, which can influence susceptibility to injury or destruction. For this reason, research into repairing bone defects began several years ago to find a scaffold to improve bone regeneration. Different techniques can be used to manufacture 3D scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration based on optimizing reproducible scaffolds with a controlled hierarchical porous structure like the extracellular matrix of bone. Additionally, the scaffolds synthesized can facilitate the inclusion of bone or mesenchymal stem cells with growth factors that improve bone osteogenesis, recruiting new cells for the neighborhood to generate an optimal environment for tissue regeneration. In this review, current state-of-the-art scaffold manufacturing based on the use of polycaprolactone (PCL) as a biomaterial for bone tissue regeneration will be described by reporting relevant studies focusing on processing techniques, from traditional-i.e., freeze casting, thermally induced phase separation, gas foaming, solvent casting, and particle leaching-to more recent approaches, such as 3D additive manufacturing (i.e., 3D printing/bioprinting, electrofluid dynamics/electrospinning), as well as integrated techniques. As a function of the used technique, this work aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the benefits/limitations of PCL-based scaffolds in order to establish a relationship between scaffold composition, namely integration of other biomaterial phases' structural properties (i.e., pore morphology and mechanical properties) and in vivo response.
在过去三十年中，组织工程（TI）已成为一种替代方法，通过植入特定谱系细胞、生长因子或功能化基质支架的生物分子来再生组织和器官并恢复其功能。最近，一些病症导致了骨质流失或损伤，例如畸形、与良性或恶性肿瘤相关的骨吸收、牙周病、创伤以及其他观察到组织完整性中断的情况。骨组织根据不同的区域具有不同的硬度、机械牵引力和抗压性，这会影响其受伤或破坏的易感性。因此，数年前就开始了修复骨缺损的研究，以寻找一种能促进骨再生的支架。基于优化具有可控分级多孔结构（类似于骨细胞外基质）的可重复支架，可使用不同技术制造用于骨组织再生的三维支架。此外，合成的支架可促进骨或间充质干细胞与生长因子的结合，这些生长因子可改善骨生成，吸引周围新细胞，为组织再生创造最佳环境。在本综述中，将通过报告聚焦于加工技术的相关研究，描述基于使用聚己内酯（PCL）作为骨组织再生生物材料的当前最先进的支架制造技术，从传统技术（即冷冻铸造、热致相分离、气体发泡、溶剂浇铸和颗粒沥滤）到最新方法，如三维增材制造（即三维打印/生物打印、电流体动力学/静电纺丝）以及综合技术。作为所使用技术的函数，这项工作旨在全面概述基于PCL的支架的优点/局限性，以便在支架组成（即其他生物材料相的结构特性的整合，即孔隙形态和机械性能）与体内反应之间建立联系。
