Bu Feifei, Bone Jessica K, Fancourt Daisy
Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK.
BMJ Ment Health. 2025 Feb 4;28(1):e301418. doi: 10.1136/bmjment-2024-301418.
Mood is known to change over seasons of the year, days of the week, and even over the course of the day (diurnally). But although broader mental health and well-being also vary over months and weeks, it is unclear whether there are diurnal changes in how people experience and report their mental health.
To assess time-of-day association with depression, anxiety, well-being and loneliness.
The study analysed data from 49 218 adults drawn from the University College London COVID-19 Social Study, which gathered detailed repeated measurements from the same participants across time over a 2-year period (March 2020-March 2022, 18.5 observation per person). Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects models.
There is a clear time-of-day pattern in self-reported mental health and well-being, with people generally waking up feeling best and feeling worst around midnight. There is also an association with day of the week and season, with particularly strong evidence for better mental health and well-being in the summer. Time-of-day patterns are moderated by day, with more variation in mental health and individual well-being during weekends compared with weekdays. Loneliness is relatively more stable.
Generally, things do seem better in the morning. Hedonic and eudemonic well-being have the most variation, and social well-being is most stable.
Our findings indicate the importance of considering time, day and season in research design, analyses, intervention delivery, and the planning and provision of public health services.
众所周知，情绪会随着一年中的季节、一周中的日子，甚至一天中的时间（昼夜变化）而改变。但是，尽管更广泛的心理健康和幸福感也会在数月和数周内有所变化，但人们体验和报告其心理健康的方式是否存在昼夜变化尚不清楚。
评估一天中的时间与抑郁、焦虑、幸福感和孤独感之间的关联。
该研究分析了来自伦敦大学学院新冠疫情社会研究的49218名成年人的数据，该研究在两年期间（2020年3月至2022年3月，每人18.5次观察）对同一参与者进行了详细的重复测量。数据使用线性混合效应模型进行分析。
自我报告的心理健康和幸福感存在明显的昼夜模式，人们通常醒来时感觉最好，而在午夜左右感觉最差。这也与一周中的日子和季节有关，有特别有力的证据表明夏季的心理健康和幸福感更好。昼夜模式受日期影响，与工作日相比，周末的心理健康和个人幸福感变化更大。孤独感相对更稳定。
一般来说，早上的情况似乎更好。享乐幸福感和实现幸福的幸福感变化最大，而社会幸福感最稳定。
我们的研究结果表明，在研究设计、分析、干预实施以及公共卫生服务的规划和提供中考虑时间、日期和季节的重要性。
