Bylinskaya K A, Perekatova V V, Turchin I V
Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Biophotonics; A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950.
PhD, Researcher, Laboratory of Biophotonics; A.V. Gaponov-Grekhov Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Ulyanov St., Nizhny Novgorod, 603950.
Sovrem Tekhnologii Med. 2025;17(1):146-162. doi: 10.17691/stm2025.17.1.12. Epub 2025 Feb 28.
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a rapidly advancing non-invasive diagnostic technique to investigate biological tissue, based on probing the target object with optical radiation in the visible and/or near-infrared wavelength range and detecting the diffusely scattered light from the tissue. The signals obtained through DOS provide extensive information about the biochemical composition of tissues due to the presence of light-absorbing compounds known as chromophores. To date, DOS is widely employed to detect major chromophores such as deoxygenated (Hb) and oxygenated (HbO) hemoglobin, water, lipids, and melanin. The concentrations of Hb and HbO in biological tissues are highly significant in clinical research, as they offer valuable insights into tissue oxygenation status and enable the detection of hypoxia. However, biological tissues also contain less-studied chromophores - minor chromophores - which also contribute to the overall absorption spectrum. These include various globins, such as methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and myoglobin, as well as cytochromes and cytochrome oxidase. Identifying minor chromophores using DOS is challenging due to their relatively low absorption contributions compared to major chromophores, as well as the limited understanding of their specific absorption spectra. Nevertheless, the simultaneous detection of both major and minor chromophores could provide a comprehensive understanding of metabolic processes within vascular, intracellular, and mitochondrial compartments of tissues. This would substantially expand the potential applications of DOS in both research and clinical studies. In this review we examine literature sources that explore the investigation of minor chromophores in biological tissues by DOS, discuss the role of major chromophores, and evaluate the potential for simultaneous detection of both major and minor chromophores with DOS.
漫射光学光谱（DOS）是一种快速发展的非侵入性诊断技术，用于研究生物组织，它基于在可见光和/或近红外波长范围内用光辐射探测目标物体，并检测从组织中漫散射的光。由于存在被称为发色团的吸光化合物，通过DOS获得的信号提供了有关组织生化组成的广泛信息。迄今为止，DOS被广泛用于检测主要发色团，如脱氧血红蛋白（Hb）和氧合血红蛋白（HbO）、水、脂质和黑色素。生物组织中Hb和HbO的浓度在临床研究中具有高度重要性，因为它们能深入了解组织的氧合状态并有助于检测缺氧情况。然而，生物组织中还含有研究较少的发色团——次要发色团，它们也对整体吸收光谱有贡献。这些包括各种球蛋白，如高铁血红蛋白、碳氧血红蛋白和肌红蛋白，以及细胞色素和细胞色素氧化酶。由于次要发色团与主要发色团相比吸收贡献相对较低，以及对其特定吸收光谱的了解有限，使用DOS识别次要发色团具有挑战性。尽管如此，同时检测主要和次要发色团可以全面了解组织血管、细胞内和线粒体区域内的代谢过程。这将极大地扩展DOS在研究和临床研究中的潜在应用。在这篇综述中，我们研究了探索通过DOS对生物组织中的次要发色团进行研究的文献来源，讨论了主要发色团的作用，并评估了用DOS同时检测主要和次要发色团的潜力。
