Xiao Yanhong, Hassani Mahan, Moghaddam Melina Barahouei, Fazilat Ahmad, Ojarudi Masoud, Valilo Mohammad
Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150006, Heilongjiang Province, China.
Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus.
Med Oncol. 2025 Mar 14;42(4):108. doi: 10.1007/s12032-025-02675-8.
The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains tumor cells, surrounding cells, and secreted factors. It provides a favorable environment for the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), the spread of cancer cells to metastatic sites, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, as well as the growth, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Cancer cells rely on the activation of oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressors, and the support of a normal stroma for their growth, proliferation, and survival, all of which are provided by the TME. The TME is characterized by the presence of various cells, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), CD8 + cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, adipocytes, and neuroendocrine (NE) cells. The high expression of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors, and anti-apoptotic factors, as well as drug resistance mechanisms in the TME, contributes to the poor therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs and tumor progression. Hence, this review describes the mechanisms through which the TME is involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in tumor cells.
肿瘤微环境（TME）包含肿瘤细胞、周围细胞和分泌因子。它为癌症干细胞（CSC）的维持、癌细胞向转移部位的扩散、血管生成和细胞凋亡，以及癌细胞的生长、增殖、侵袭和耐药性提供了有利环境。癌细胞的生长、增殖和存活依赖于癌基因的激活、肿瘤抑制因子的失活以及正常基质的支持，而这些都是由肿瘤微环境提供的。肿瘤微环境的特征是存在各种细胞，包括癌症相关成纤维细胞（CAF）、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAM）、CD8 + 细胞毒性T细胞（CTL）、调节性T细胞（Treg）、骨髓来源的抑制细胞（MDSC）、间充质干细胞（MSC）、内皮细胞、脂肪细胞和神经内分泌（NE）细胞。肿瘤微环境中炎症细胞因子、血管生成因子和抗凋亡因子的高表达以及耐药机制，导致抗癌药物的治疗效果不佳和肿瘤进展。因此，本综述描述了肿瘤微环境参与肿瘤细胞凋亡、血管生成、转移和耐药的机制。
