Gruber-Dorninger Christiane, Müller Anneliese, Rosen Roy
dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center Tulln, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
dsm-firmenich, ANH Performance Solutions, Erber Campus 1, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria.
Toxins (Basel). 2025 Mar 1;17(3):116. doi: 10.3390/toxins17030116.
Plant-based materials are increasingly being used as ingredients of aquaculture feed. These materials are prone to mycotoxin contamination, as mycotoxigenic fungi infest crop plants in the field and agricultural products during storage. As mycotoxins can cause toxic effects in aquatic animals, their occurrence in feedstuffs should be monitored. To this end, we performed an extensive global survey of mycotoxin contamination in aquaculture feed and plant-based feed raw materials. We collected samples of compound feed for fish (n = 226) and shrimps (n = 61), maize (n = 3448), maize DDGS (n = 149), wheat (n = 1578), soybean (n = 428), and rice (n = 65). We analyzed concentrations of 51 mycotoxins, emerging mycotoxins, masked mycotoxins, and mycotoxin metabolites. Mycotoxins were almost ubiquitously present in compound feed, as >90% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin. Feed raw materials exhibited distinct mycotoxin occurrence patterns consistent with known susceptibility to fungal pathogens and with their production process. Unsafe concentrations of aflatoxin B exceeding the EU maximum level were detected in 7.2% of fish feed samples. While most feedstuffs complied with EU guidance values for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisins, a comparison of detected concentrations with dietary concentrations reported to cause adverse effects in fish and shrimps in published studies indicated that significant fractions of samples contained potentially harmful levels of these mycotoxins. In addition to regulated mycotoxins, several emerging mycotoxins (e.g., enniatins, beauvericin, alternariol, moniliformin) were prevalent. Feed was frequently co-contaminated with multiple mycotoxins indicating a risk of combined effects. In conclusion, mycotoxin contamination was common in aquaculture feed and fractions of samples were contaminated with mycotoxin levels known to exert adverse effects in aquaculture species. Results of this survey highlight the necessity for targeted studies on the effects of frequently detected mycotoxin mixtures and emerging mycotoxins in fish and shrimp.
植物基材料正越来越多地被用作水产养殖饲料的成分。这些材料容易受到霉菌毒素污染，因为产毒真菌会在田间侵染农作物，并在储存期间侵染农产品。由于霉菌毒素会对水生动物产生毒性作用，因此应监测其在饲料中的存在情况。为此，我们对水产养殖饲料和植物基饲料原料中的霉菌毒素污染进行了广泛的全球调查。我们收集了鱼类（n = 226）和虾类（n = 61）的配合饲料、玉米（n = 3448）、玉米干酒糟及其可溶物（n = 149）、小麦（n = 1578）、大豆（n = 428）和大米（n = 65）的样本。我们分析了51种霉菌毒素、新兴霉菌毒素、隐蔽霉菌毒素和霉菌毒素代谢物的浓度。霉菌毒素几乎普遍存在于配合饲料中，因为超过90%的样本被至少一种霉菌毒素污染。饲料原料呈现出与已知对真菌病原体的易感性及其生产过程一致的独特霉菌毒素出现模式。在7.2%的鱼饲料样本中检测到超过欧盟最高限量的黄曲霉毒素B不安全浓度。虽然大多数饲料原料符合欧盟关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素的指导值，但将检测浓度与已发表研究中报道的对鱼类和虾类产生不利影响的膳食浓度进行比较表明，相当一部分样本含有这些霉菌毒素的潜在有害水平。除了受监管的霉菌毒素外，几种新兴霉菌毒素（如恩镰孢菌素、白僵菌素、链格孢酚、串珠镰刀菌素）也很普遍。饲料经常被多种霉菌毒素共同污染，这表明存在联合作用的风险。总之，霉菌毒素污染在水产养殖饲料中很常见，部分样本被已知对水产养殖物种产生不利影响的霉菌毒素水平污染。这项调查结果突出了针对鱼类和虾类中频繁检测到的霉菌毒素混合物和新兴霉菌毒素的影响进行针对性研究的必要性。
