Dabaja Rana, Swanson W Benton, Bak Sun-Yung, Mendonca Gustavo, Mishina Yuji, Banu Mihaela
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2350 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
Int J Implant Dent. 2025 Apr 7;11(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s40729-025-00618-6.
Patients with pre-existing medical conditions that impair bone integrity face challenges in dental implant success due to compromised osseointegration. This study evaluates three titanium interconnected porous architectures: the TPMS solid gyroid, TPMS sheet gyroid, and Voronoi stochastic lattice. We aim to assess manufacturability, design controllability, and cellular interactions to identify an optimal architecture that enhances cellular behavior with the potential to strengthen bone-to-implant contact.
Three porous architectures were designed and compared: the two variants of the uniform, periodic triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) gyroid, and the random, non-uniform Voronoi stochastic lattice. The porous constructs were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) and evaluated using microcomputed tomography (microCT) for porosity, manufacturability, and permeability. In vitro experiments used primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) isolated from 8-week-old wild type C57BL6/J mice. These cells were seeded onto the SLM-fabricated porous architectures and evaluated for adhesion using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and RNA extraction. Cell trajectory was profiled using fluorescent confocal microscopy.
Selective laser melting (SLM) successfully fabricated all three porous architectures, with the TPMS solid gyroid exhibiting the highest manufacturing resolution, controllability, and the most uniform pore distribution. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis showed that its permeability outperformed both the TPMS sheet gyroid and stochastic Voronoi architectures. In vitro cell culturing demonstrated superior cell behavior in the TPMS solid gyroid scaffold. RNA quantification after 72 h of culture showed that cells are most adherent to the TPMS solid gyroid, demonstrating a 4-fold increase in RNA quantity compared to the fully dense (control). Additionally, cell trajectory analysis indicated enhanced cell infiltration and cellularization within the pore channels for the TPMS solid gyroid architecture.
This research demonstrates that inducing an interconnected porous architecture into a titanium construct enhances cellular behavior compared to a traditional dense implant. The TPMS solid gyroid architecture showed superior manufacturability, making it a promising solution to improve dental implant success in patients with compromised bone integrity.
患有损害骨完整性的既往疾病的患者，由于骨整合受损，在牙种植体成功植入方面面临挑战。本研究评估了三种钛互连多孔结构：TPMS实体类螺旋面、TPMS薄板类螺旋面和Voronoi随机晶格。我们旨在评估可制造性、设计可控性和细胞相互作用，以确定一种能增强细胞行为并有可能加强骨与种植体接触的最佳结构。
设计并比较了三种多孔结构：均匀、周期性的三重周期性极小曲面（TPMS）类螺旋面的两种变体，以及随机、非均匀的Voronoi随机晶格。使用选择性激光熔化（SLM）制造多孔结构，并使用微型计算机断层扫描（microCT）评估孔隙率、可制造性和渗透性。体外实验使用从８周龄野生型C57BL6/J小鼠分离的原代骨髓基质细胞（BMSCs）。将这些细胞接种到SLM制造的多孔结构上，并使用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和RNA提取评估细胞粘附情况。使用荧光共聚焦显微镜分析细胞轨迹。
选择性激光熔化（SLM）成功制造了所有三种多孔结构，其中TPMS实体类螺旋面表现出最高的制造分辨率、可控性和最均匀的孔隙分布。计算流体动力学（CFD）分析表明，其渗透性优于TPMS薄板类螺旋面和随机Voronoi结构。体外细胞培养显示TPMS实体类螺旋面支架中的细胞行为更佳。培养72小时后的RNA定量显示，细胞对TPMS实体类螺旋面的粘附性最强，与完全致密（对照）相比，RNA量增加了4倍。此外，细胞轨迹分析表明，TPMS实体类螺旋面结构的孔隙通道内细胞浸润和细胞化增强。
本研究表明，与传统的致密种植体相比，在钛结构中引入互连多孔结构可增强细胞行为。TPMS实体类螺旋面结构显示出卓越的可制造性，使其成为提高骨完整性受损患者牙种植体成功率的有前景的解决方案。
