Soybean genome‑wide association study of seed weight, protein, and oil content in the southeastern USA.

Soybean is a globally significant legume crop, providing essential protein and oil for human and livestock nutrition. Improving oil and protein content simultaneously without compromising yield has been challenging due to the quantitative nature of these traits and their interrelationships. This study aims to deepen our understanding of the molecular basis soybean of seed weight, protein, and oil content to facilitate marker-assisted breeding to enhance these traits. In this research, a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) was conducted utilizing 285 diverse soybean accessions from maturity group V, employing genotyping through the SoySNP50K platform. These accessions were tested in three environmental conditions of the southeast US for three traits: 100-seed weight, protein, and oil content. The study identified 18, 23, and 26 SNPs significantly associated with 100-seed weight, seed oil, and protein content. Colocalized protein and oil content regions were discovered on chromosomes 15, 16, and 20. Chromosomes 15 and 20 are well documented to have pleiotropic but opposite effects on oil and protein content, but both regions contain genes that affect individual traits, such as FAD2-1 and nodulin MtN21. A 1.92 Mb region on chromosome 11 exhibits a target region to improve oil and seed weight without affecting protein content. This study highlights key genomic regions and candidate genes influencing seed weight, protein, and oil content, with some regions affecting multiple traits. Hence, these findings provide a valuable foundation for marker-assisted selection to optimize seed weight and simultaneously enhance oil and protein content in soybean breeding programs.