Thomas Sara E, Abram Karen M, Aaby David, Welty Leah J, Arzu Jennifer L, Salvati Joeann M, Teplin Linda A
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2025 Apr 10. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2025.04.004.
To investigate the dose of incarceration and subsequent psychiatric and psychosocial functioning in justice-involved youth 16 years after detention (median age 32).
Participants were from the Northwestern Juvenile Project, a prospective, longitudinal study of 1,829 youths randomly sampled at intake from the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center from 1995 to 1998, stratified by sex, race and ethnicity, age, and legal status (processed as juvenile or adult). The study measured incarceration dose as the depth of involvement, ie, the type of facility where youth were incarcerated as they aged (juvenile-only, adult jail [but not prison], or prison), and total number of days incarcerated. Psychosocial outcomes were positive mental health, no problematic substance use, educational attainment, gainful activity, residential independence, interpersonal functioning, parenting responsibility, and desistance from criminal activity. Regression models comparing outcomes by facility type were propensity weighted.
Male participants in the prison group achieved fewer psychosocial outcomes (3.3; 95% CI 3.1-3.5) vs participants in the jail (4.8; 95% CI 4.2-5.4) and juvenile-only (5.2; 95% CI 4.3-6.0) groups. Participants incarcerated only in juvenile detention were more likely to achieve every socioeconomic outcome than participants who had been in prison. More time incarcerated was associated with poorer outcomes for male and female participants; findings varied by facility type. Among male participants in prison, each additional year incarcerated reduced the odds of positive mental health.
Higher doses of incarceration were adversely associated with psychiatric and psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Black and Hispanic men are disproportionately incarcerated and thus disproportionately affected. Community mental health service providers are in a unique position to collaborate with correctional facilities to provide early interventions and services for successful reentry to the community.
调查被拘留16年后（中位年龄32岁）涉及司法事务的青少年的监禁剂量以及随后的精神和心理社会功能。
参与者来自西北青少年项目，这是一项对1995年至1998年从库克县青少年临时拘留中心 intake 时随机抽样的1829名青少年进行的前瞻性纵向研究，按性别、种族和族裔、年龄以及法律地位（作为青少年或成年人处理）分层。该研究将监禁剂量衡量为参与深度，即青少年随着年龄增长被监禁的设施类型（仅青少年设施、成人监狱[但非监狱]或监狱）以及被监禁的总天数。心理社会结果包括积极的心理健康、无问题物质使用、教育程度、有收益的活动、居住独立性、人际功能、育儿责任以及停止犯罪活动。比较不同设施类型结果的回归模型进行了倾向加权。
与监狱组（3.3；95%可信区间3.1 - 3.5）相比，监狱组的男性参与者实现的心理社会结果较少，而监狱组参与者的心理社会结果为（4.8；95%可信区间4.2 - 5.4），仅青少年设施组为（5.2；95%可信区间4.3 - 6.0）。仅被监禁在青少年拘留所的参与者比曾入狱的参与者更有可能实现每项社会经济结果。被监禁时间越长，男性和女性参与者的结果越差；结果因设施类型而异。在监狱中的男性参与者中，每多监禁一年，积极心理健康的几率就会降低。
更高剂量的监禁与成年后的精神和心理社会功能呈负相关。黑人和西班牙裔男性被监禁的比例过高，因此受到的影响也过大。社区心理健康服务提供者处于独特地位，可与惩教设施合作，为成功重新融入社区提供早期干预和服务。
