Tiwari Prashant Kumar, Chaudhary Anis Ahmad, Gupta Saurabh, Chouhan Mandeep, Singh Himanshu Narayan, Rustagi Sarvesh, Khan Salah-Ud-Din, Kumar Sanjay
Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Front Mol Biosci. 2025 Apr 14;12:1561464. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1561464. eCollection 2025.
Breast cancer (BC) remains a complex and widespread problem, affecting millions of women worldwide, Among the various subtypes of BC, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is particularly challenging, representing approximately 20% of all BC cases, and the survival rate of TNBC patients is generally worse than other subtypes of BC. TNBC is a heterogeneous disease characterized by lack of expression of three receptors: estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), resulting conventional hormonal therapies are ineffective for its management. Despite various therapeutic approaches have been explored, but no definitive solution has been found yet for TNBC. Current treatments options are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, although, these therapies have some limitations, such as the development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs, and off-target toxicity, which remain primary obstacles and significant challenges for TNBC. Several findings have shown that EVs exhibit significant therapeutic promise in many diseases, and a similar important role has been observed in various types of tumor. Studies suggest that EVs may offer a potential solution for the management of TNBC. This review highlights the multifaceted roles of EVs in TNBC, emphasizing their involvement in disease progression, diagnosis and therapeutic approach, as well as their potential as biomarkers and drug delivery.
乳腺癌（BC）仍然是一个复杂且普遍存在的问题，影响着全球数百万女性。在BC的各种亚型中，三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）尤其具有挑战性，约占所有BC病例的20%，且TNBC患者的生存率通常低于其他BC亚型。TNBC是一种异质性疾病，其特征是缺乏三种受体的表达：雌激素（ER）、孕激素（PR）和人表皮生长因子受体2（HER2），这导致传统的激素疗法对其治疗无效。尽管已经探索了各种治疗方法，但尚未找到针对TNBC的明确解决方案。目前的治疗选择包括化疗、免疫疗法、放疗和手术，然而，这些疗法存在一些局限性，如对抗癌药物产生耐药性以及脱靶毒性，这些仍然是TNBC的主要障碍和重大挑战。一些研究结果表明，细胞外囊泡（EVs）在许多疾病中显示出显著的治疗前景，并且在各种类型的肿瘤中也观察到了类似的重要作用。研究表明，EVs可能为TNBC的治疗提供一种潜在的解决方案。本综述强调了EVs在TNBC中的多方面作用，重点阐述了它们在疾病进展、诊断和治疗方法中的参与情况，以及它们作为生物标志物和药物递送载体的潜力。
