Khairuddin Khairuddin, Manggau Marianti A, Rante Herlina, Hardiyanti Widya, Latada Nadila P, Umar Abdul H, Nur Syamsu, Wahyudin Elly, Rahman Latifah, Yulianty Risfah, Nainu Firzan
Doctoral Program in Pharmacy, Fculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia.
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Almarisah Madani, Makassar, Indonesia.
Narra J. 2025 Apr;5(1):e1886. doi: 10.52225/narra.v5i1.1886. Epub 2025 Feb 10.
has been suggested to exhibit considerable pharmacological potential, yet its chemical composition and bioactivity remain inadequately explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical fingerprint and antioxidant properties of leaf extracts using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with chemometric analyses, and in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Four extraction methods (maceration, reflux, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) were optimized with water, 70% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane as solvents. FTIR profiles were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. An in vitro study assessing the free radical scavenging capacity was conducted using the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, while in vivo evaluations were conducted using to measure antioxidant enzyme activity and expression of endogenous antioxidant-related genes. FTIR profiles identified functional groups contributing to antioxidant activity. In vitro assays using ABTS and FRAP methods revealed that extracts obtained with 70% ethanol and water exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, attributed to key functional groups such as C = C (aromatic), O-H (acidic), N = O (nitro), and C-O (ester). In vivo studies showed that ethanol-based MAE extracts (MAEEO) significantly improved the survival of autoinflammatory mutant larvae exposed to heat-killed Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated this effect was dependent on endogenous antioxidant gene activation. The study highlights that leaf extracts as a natural source of bioactive compounds with exogenous antioxidant properties, offering potential for therapeutic applications.
有人认为它具有相当大的药理潜力，但其化学成分和生物活性仍未得到充分探索。本研究的目的是利用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）结合化学计量学分析、体外和体内评估，研究叶提取物的化学指纹图谱和抗氧化特性。以水、70%乙醇、乙酸乙酯和正己烷为溶剂，对四种提取方法（浸渍法、回流法、超声辅助提取法（UAE）和微波辅助提取法（MAE））进行了优化。采用主成分分析（PCA）、层次聚类分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析对FTIR图谱进行分析。使用2,2'-偶氮二（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）（ABTS）、2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼（DPPH）和铁还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）方法进行了一项评估自由基清除能力的体外研究，而体内评估则使用测量抗氧化酶活性和内源性抗氧化相关基因的表达。FTIR图谱确定了有助于抗氧化活性的官能团。使用ABTS和FRAP方法的体外试验表明，用70%乙醇和水获得的提取物表现出最高的抗氧化活性，这归因于关键官能团，如C = C（芳香族）、O-H（酸性）、N = O（硝基）和C-O（酯）。体内研究表明，基于乙醇的MAE提取物（MAEEO）显著提高了暴露于热灭活的自身炎症突变幼虫的存活率。实时定量PCR分析表明，这种作用依赖于内源性抗氧化基因的激活。该研究强调叶提取物作为具有外源性抗氧化特性的生物活性化合物的天然来源，具有治疗应用潜力。
