Gao Haiyang, Zhu Di
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology in the Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Oecologia. 2025 May 21;207(6):87. doi: 10.1007/s00442-025-05727-y.
Cropland encroachment on protected areas (PAs) impedes the achievement of global biodiversity conservation goals. However, the extent and expansion of cropland in PAs as well as regional and protection level differences on timescale, and national drivers thereof remains unassessed. We analyzed the land cover composition of global PAs to identify cropland changes from 1985 to 2020 and visualized cropland encroachment degree of PA patches by calculating cropland grid density (CGD) which is defined as the amount of cropland grids per square kilometer. We further identified nations' economic and agricultural development indicators as the primary drivers of cropland encroachment through correlation analysis and GLM method. The results indicate that cropland encroachment on PAs occurs worldwide with significant different level at both regional and protection levels. In western Europe, southern Latin America, central Africa, and southern Asia, a proportion of PA patches have high CGDs. CGDs of Asia and Pacific, Europe and Latin America, and Caribbean PA patches declined, whereas the indices increased in Africa and West Asia. CGDs of PAs with high protection levels are lower than that of PAs with low protection levels. At the national scale, economic development, agricultural development level, and cropland encroachment degree show negative correlations, whereas positively correlated with poverty stress and rural population percentage. The optimal model suggests the GDP per capita, arable land and permanent cropland percentage are significant factors influencing cropland encroachment on PAs. This study highlights the challenges to balance agricultural development and ecological protection and call for a stricter protection on PAs.
农田侵占保护区阻碍了全球生物多样性保护目标的实现。然而，保护区内农田的范围和扩张情况，以及时间尺度上的区域和保护水平差异及其国家驱动因素仍未得到评估。我们分析了全球保护区的土地覆盖组成，以确定1985年至2020年期间的农田变化情况，并通过计算农田网格密度（CGD，定义为每平方公里的农田网格数量）来直观呈现保护区斑块的农田侵占程度。我们还通过相关性分析和广义线性模型方法，确定了各国的经济和农业发展指标是农田侵占的主要驱动因素。结果表明，全球范围内都存在农田侵占保护区的现象，在区域和保护水平上都有显著的差异。在西欧、拉丁美洲南部、非洲中部和亚洲南部，一定比例的保护区斑块具有较高的CGD值。亚太地区、欧洲和拉丁美洲以及加勒比地区保护区斑块的CGD值下降，而非洲和西亚的指数上升。高保护水平保护区的CGD值低于低保护水平保护区。在国家层面，经济发展、农业发展水平与农田侵占程度呈负相关，而与贫困压力和农村人口百分比呈正相关。最优模型表明，人均国内生产总值、耕地和永久作物百分比是影响保护区农田侵占的重要因素。本研究突出了平衡农业发展与生态保护的挑战，并呼吁对保护区进行更严格的保护。
