Dwyer M S, Melton L J, Ballard D J, Palumbo P J, Trautmann J C, Chu C P
Diabetes Care. 1985 Jul-Aug;8(4):316-22. doi: 10.2337/diacare.8.4.316.
Among the 1135 Rochester residents discovered to have diabetes in the period 1945-69, the prevalence of retinopathy was 2.6% at the time of initial diagnosis. Among those free of retinopathy at diagnosis of diabetes, the subsequent incidence of any retinopathy was 17.4 per 1000 person-years and for proliferative retinopathy alone was 1.6 per 1000 person-years, based on 12,000 person-years of follow-up. The incidence rate of retinopathy was almost three times greater among residents with insulin-dependent (IDDM) than with non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM); however, the actual number of retinopathy cases was over four times greater among the more numerous residents with NIDDM. By 20 yr after diagnosis of diabetes, the cumulative incidence of retinopathy approached 70% among IDDM subjects and was 30% and 36%, respectively, among the obese and nonobese NIDDM residents. The epidemiologic patterns for proliferative retinopathy were qualitatively similar to those for nonproliferative retinopathy. The risk of blindness was greater among those with proliferative than with nonproliferative retinopathy but was substantial even for those without retinopathy. Most blindness was caused by factors other than isolated diabetic retinopathy.
在1945年至1969年间被确诊患有糖尿病的1135名罗切斯特居民中，初次诊断时视网膜病变的患病率为2.6%。在糖尿病诊断时无视网膜病变的人群中，基于12000人年的随访，任何视网膜病变的后续发病率为每1000人年17.4例，仅增殖性视网膜病变的发病率为每1000人年1.6例。胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（IDDM）患者的视网膜病变发病率几乎是非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（NIDDM）患者的三倍；然而，在人数更多的NIDDM患者中，视网膜病变的实际病例数超过四倍。糖尿病诊断后20年，IDDM患者中视网膜病变的累积发病率接近70%，肥胖和非肥胖NIDDM患者中分别为30%和36%。增殖性视网膜病变的流行病学模式与非增殖性视网膜病变在性质上相似。增殖性视网膜病变患者失明的风险高于非增殖性视网膜病变患者，但即使是没有视网膜病变的患者，失明风险也很大。大多数失明是由孤立性糖尿病视网膜病变以外的因素引起的。
