Latinne Alice, Padungtod Pawin
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Representation in Viet Nam, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Southeast Asia-Pacific Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Suva, Fiji.
Transbound Emerg Dis. 2025 Jun 19;2025:4926262. doi: 10.1155/tbed/4926262. eCollection 2025.
Vietnam is a wildlife trade hotspot presenting multiple high-risk interfaces for pathogen spillover from wildlife to humans. However, the zoonotic disease risk remains poorly characterized in the country and needs to be assessed to better inform policy dialog and legislative reforms. A literature review was conducted to create a pathogen inventory of terrestrial vertebrates in Vietnam. Additionally, data from an existing global database were used to estimate the number of zoonotic pathogens found in different families. The literature review yielded 87 eligible records. A total of 162 pathogen species, including 22 parasites, 48 bacteria, two fungi, eight protozoans, and 82 viruses, were recorded in Vietnam in 46 families of terrestrial vertebrates belonging to four classes and 18 orders. The highest number of pathogens was observed in Muridae (rats and mice), followed by Pythonidae (pythons) and Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys). A total of 12 out of 29 priority zoonoses in Vietnam were reported in 27 terrestrial wildlife host families. Zoonotic pathogens were reported at 11 human-wildlife interfaces. Most detections of priority zoonotic pathogens were made in free-ranging animals as well as in wildlife farms and primate facilities. A risk assessment, based on the number of zoonotic pathogens found, suggested that facilities with a very high risk of zoonotic spillover include bushmeat markets in cities and town, wildlife farms, restaurants and rescue centers engaged in trading, housing and breeding birds belonging to the Columbidae, Phasianidae, Ardeidae families, and mammals belonging to the Cervidae, Suidae, Felidae, Ursidae, Mustelidae, Cercopithecidae, Muridae, and Sciuridae families. These supply chain nodes where wildlife families are in contact with human populations should be strictly regulated and monitored, with stricter biosecurity measures. Breeding of several species belonging to high-risk and medium-risk wildlife families together in the same captive facility should be banned to reduce the risk of pathogen-host jumps.
越南是野生动物贸易热点地区，存在多个野生动物病原体溢出至人类的高风险界面。然而，该国人畜共患病风险的特征仍不明确，需要进行评估，以便为政策对话和立法改革提供更充分的信息。开展了一项文献综述，以建立越南陆生脊椎动物的病原体清单。此外，利用现有全球数据库的数据来估计在不同科中发现的人畜共患病原体数量。文献综述产生了87条符合条件的记录。在越南属于4纲18目的陆生脊椎动物的46个科中，共记录了162种病原体，包括22种寄生虫、48种细菌、2种真菌、8种原生动物和82种病毒。病原体数量最多的是鼠科（大鼠和小鼠），其次是蟒科（蟒蛇）和猕猴科（旧世界猴）。越南29种优先人畜共患病中有12种在27个陆生野生动物宿主科中被报告。在11个人与野生动物的界面上报告了人畜共患病原体。大多数优先人畜共患病原体的检测是在自由放养的动物以及野生动物养殖场和灵长类动物设施中进行的。基于发现的人畜共患病原体数量进行的风险评估表明，人畜共患病溢出风险非常高的设施包括城市和城镇的野味市场、野生动物养殖场、从事交易、饲养和繁殖鸽形目、雉科、鹭科鸟类以及鹿科、猪科、猫科、熊科、鼬科、猕猴科、鼠科和松鼠科哺乳动物的餐馆和救援中心。这些野生动物与人类接触的供应链节点应受到严格监管和监测，并采取更严格的生物安全措施。应禁止在同一圈养设施中共同饲养属于高风险和中风险野生动物科的多个物种，以降低病原体宿主跳跃的风险。
