Tripartite interplay: immune reconstitution dynamics in AIDS, gut microbiota, and Helicobacter pylori infection: current advances and therapeutic prospects.

BACKGROUND

The immune recovery process in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is complex and influenced by numerous factors. Gut microbiota and their metabolites play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Additionally, the presence of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach can affect immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients, either directly or through interactions with the gut microbiota.

METHODS

This review adopts a comprehensive literature review approach. It systematically examines a wide range of relevant studies focusing on the interplay between HIV/AIDS immune reconstitution, gut microbiota, and H. pylori.

RESULTS

The review reveals intricate relationships among these components. Gut microbiota and their metabolites are essential for sustaining immune balance. H. pylori influences immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients through various mechanisms, including inducing gut microbiota dysbiosis, altering gastric pH, promoting systemic inflammation, and acting synergistically with HIV. These effects can exacerbate CD4⁺ T cell depletion and may contribute to incomplete immune recovery by disrupting gut microbiota composition.

CONCLUSION

Understanding these interactions provides a foundation for future research directions. Such insights may offer new perspectives and strategies to address the clinical challenge of immunological non-response in HIV/AIDS patients.