Compositional Variability of Essential Oils and Their Bioactivity in Native and Invasive Species.

To date, various species of genus have been used both in the ethnopharmacology of numerous nations across the world and in contemporary herbal practices. The objective of this study is to revise the phytochemical data on the essential oils (EOs) of various fleabanes species and to evaluate the variability of their biological activities. Up to June 2025, this review provides an updated overview of 105 literature sources (published during last 25 years) related to 14 sp. (native, naturalized, or invasive) which have been investigated extensively and are of the greatest significance. It summarizes the compositional variability of the EOs and their pharmacological and toxic effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiproliferative, skin regeneration, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, insecticidal, larvicidal, repellent, and allelopathic activity. The EOs of each species were characterized, and a chemical structure of 43 major constituents is presented herein. The most characteristic and prevalent compounds were found to be limonene, -3-carene, matricaria ester, lachnophyllum ester, germacrene D, -caryophyllene, -farnesene, -bergamotene, , etc., in the EOs from the , , , , , and plants. Major constituents, such as borneol, bornyl acetate, modhephen-8--ol, -arteannuic alcohol, -caryophyllene, and -cadinol, were found in the oils of (). A paucity of data concerning EOs was revealed, with the prevalence of 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy cinammic acid and thymol acetate noted in the oils. The EOs from and were comprised mainly of matricaria and lachnophyllum esters. The available data on EOs of is limited, but the main constituents are known to be -humulene, 1,8-cineole, eugenol, and globulol. The EOs containing appreciable amounts of matricaria and lachnophyllum esters exhibited strong anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, larvicidal, and repellent activities. Repellence is also related to borneol, bornyl acetate, caryophyllene derivatives, -cadinol, modhephen-8--ol, and -arteannuic alcohol. Cytotoxicity was determined due to the presence of limonene, -3-carene, - and -farnesene, ()--ocimene, ledene oxide, sesquiphellandrene, and dendrolasin in the fleabanes EOs. Skin regeneration and antifungal properties were related to germacrene D; and anti-inflammatory effects were determined due to high amounts of limonene ()--ocimene, lachnophyllum ester, and germacrene D. The antimicrobial properties of the oils were conditioned by appreciable quantities of limonene, -pinene, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, thymol acetae, -eudesmol, 2,6,7,7-tetrahydro-1,5-dimethyl-1H-indene-3-carboxaldehyde, caryophyllene and its oxide, -aromadendrene, -humulene, farnesene, carvacrol, and eugenol. This review provides a foundation for further studies on volatile secondary metabolites to explore the potential sources of new biologically active compounds in sp.