Historical availability of arable land affects contemporaneous female labor and health outcomes.

We contribute to the understanding of mechanisms underlying deep-rooted gender norms by exploring the link between the historical availability of arable land and contemporary gender outcomes. We argue that an abundance of arable land in historical times, i.e., pre-industrial period, required more workers in the fields resulting in norms where women worked and contributed from outside the home as well. Consequently, these societies emphasized women's health due to its positive effect on their productivity in the fields. Moreover, this economic contribution provided women greater bargaining power in the allocation of intrahousehold resources. The historical avail- ability of arable land for a nation is measured as the weighted mean of the shares of its constituent ethnic groups' ancestral lands suited to cereal agriculture. Consistent with these arguments, we show that countries with more ancestral arable land have higher female labor force participation rates and better health outcomes, measured by maternal mortality ratio and female-male life expectancy gap. We then illustrate the 'persistence of norm' mechanism, by showing that ancestral arable land measured at the district level is positively associated with individual-level attitudes regarding women's participation in the labor market.