Selmi Okba, Rahmoune Mohamed Amine, Bouassida Anissa, Marsigliante Santo, Muscella Antonella
High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, El Kef, Tunisia.
Research Unit, Sportive Sciences, Health and Movement, El Kef, Tunisia.
Physiol Rep. 2025 Aug;13(15):e70510. doi: 10.14814/phy2.70510.
The purpose of the study was to determine how training at different times of day affects soccer players' performance, mood, and physiological responses. Twenty male professional soccer players participated in the study, which involved small-sided games (SSGs) conducted in both morning and evening sessions. Players' mood states, perceived exertion, heart rate, and performance metrics were measured to assess the impact of circadian rhythms on their physical and psychological responses. Results showed significantly higher HRmean (p = 0.025) and %HRmax (p = 0.022) and significantly lower blood lactate concentration (p = 0.015) in the morning. Despite similar perceived exertion and recovery scores, players reported greater enjoyment in evening sessions (p = 0.0008). Mood states were more favorable in the evening, with significantly lower levels of stress (p = 0.007), fatigue (p = 0.009), and muscle soreness (p = 0.012). The Hooper's Index was also markedly lower in the evening (p = 0.0008). Evening performance was superior, with significantly more ball interceptions (p = 0.033), successful passes (p = 0.0004), and ball possession recoveries (p = 0.025), alongside fewer lost balls in the evening compared to the morning (p = 0.008). In conclusion, the study demonstrates that time of day significantly influences both psychological and physical responses in professional soccer players, with evening sessions leading to a more favorable mood and better performance. These findings support the consideration of circadian rhythms when scheduling training and matches to optimize athletic outcomes.
该研究的目的是确定一天中不同时间进行训练如何影响足球运动员的表现、情绪和生理反应。20名男性职业足球运动员参与了这项研究，其中包括在上午和晚上进行的小型比赛（SSG）。测量了球员的情绪状态、主观用力程度、心率和表现指标，以评估昼夜节律对其身体和心理反应的影响。结果显示，上午的平均心率（HRmean，p = 0.025）和最大心率百分比（%HRmax，p = 0.022）显著更高，而血乳酸浓度显著更低（p = 0.015）。尽管主观用力程度和恢复得分相似，但球员们表示在晚上的训练中更享受（p = 0.0008）。晚上的情绪状态更有利，压力水平（p = 0.007）、疲劳程度（p = 0.009）和肌肉酸痛程度（p = 0.012）显著更低。胡珀指数在晚上也明显更低（p = 0.0008）。晚上的表现更出色，拦截球次数（p = 0.033）、成功传球次数（p = 0.0004）和控球权夺回次数显著更多（p = 0.025），而且与上午相比，晚上丢失的球更少（p = 0.008）。总之，该研究表明，一天中的时间对职业足球运动员的心理和身体反应有显著影响，晚上的训练会带来更有利的情绪和更好的表现。这些发现支持在安排训练和比赛时考虑昼夜节律，以优化运动成绩。
