Loc Nguyen Van, Do Trung Hieu, Phan Thi Hong Nhung, Nguyen Viet Long, Chu Duc Ha, Bertero Daniel, Curti Néstor, Ta Viet Ton, McKeown Peter C, Spillane Charles
Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Student at Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam.
PLoS One. 2025 Sep 2;20(9):e0331652. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0331652. eCollection 2025.
Flowering is a critical growth stage of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), with a strong influence on growth and grain yield. To understand factors affecting such flowering stage effects, we measure the differential effects of genotype (G), environmental stress (E), and genotype by environment interaction (G × E) on quinoa growth and yield-related traits during the flowering stage. A semi-controlled pot experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. Five quinoa genotypes (Q1, Cahuil, G18, Isluga, and Q3) were evaluated under four climate-related stress vs non-stress treatment conditions: control (E1), waterlogging (E2), salinity (E3), and drought (E4). Morphological and yield traits, including plant height, number of tillers and leaves, leaf area, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, fresh and dry biomass, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, and individual grain yield were measured. There were significant effects of G, E, and G × E interaction on all measured traits, indicating considerable variation in genotype adaptability to abiotic stresses. The order of stress severity was E2 > E4 > E3 > E1, with waterlogging causing the most substantial reductions across growth and yield traits. The AMMI analysis highlighted strong genotype-specific responses across environments. Our findings provide insights into how quinoa responds to environmental stresses, supporting the development of research strategies and and irrigation management for quinoa under climate change related stresses.
开花是藜麦（Chenopodium quinoa Willd.）的一个关键生长阶段，对其生长和谷物产量有很大影响。为了解影响这种开花期效应的因素，我们测量了基因型（G）、环境胁迫（E）以及基因型与环境互作（G×E）对藜麦开花期生长和产量相关性状的差异效应。在温室中采用随机完全区组设计（RCBD）进行了一项半控制盆栽试验，重复五次。在四种与气候相关的胁迫与非胁迫处理条件下对五个藜麦基因型（Q1、Cahuil、G18、Isluga和Q3）进行了评估：对照（E1）、涝渍（E2）、盐度（E3）和干旱（E4）。测量了形态和产量性状，包括株高、分蘖数和叶片数、叶面积、土壤植物分析发展（SPAD）值、鲜生物量和干生物量、穗长、千粒重和单粒产量。G、E以及G×E互作对所有测量性状均有显著影响，表明基因型对非生物胁迫的适应性存在相当大的差异。胁迫严重程度顺序为E2＞E4＞E3＞E1，涝渍对生长和产量性状的降低最为显著。AMMI分析突出了不同环境下强烈的基因型特异性反应。我们的研究结果为藜麦如何应对环境胁迫提供了见解，支持了在与气候变化相关的胁迫下藜麦研究策略和灌溉管理的发展。
