Chen Yuqi, Liu Shuge, Chen Yating, Wang Miaomiao, Liu Yage, Qu Zhan, Du Liping, Wu Chunsheng
Institute of Medical Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an 710061, China.
Biosensors (Basel). 2025 Aug 22;15(9):557. doi: 10.3390/bios15090557.
The integration of organoids with biosensors serves as a miniaturized model of human physiology and diseases, significantly transforming the research frameworks surrounding drug development, toxicity testing, and personalized medicine. This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for researchers to identify suitable technical approaches and to promote the advancement of organoid sensing towards enhanced biomimicry and intelligence. To this end, several primary methods for technology integration are systematically outlined and compared, which include microfluidic integrated systems, microelectrode array (MEA)-based electrophysiological recording systems, optical sensing systems, mechanical force sensing technologies, field-effect transistor (FET)-based sensing techniques, biohybrid systems based on synthetic biology tools, and label-free technologies, including impedance, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and mass spectrometry imaging. Through multimodal collaboration such as the combination of MEA for recording electrical signals from cardiac organoids with micropillar arrays for monitoring contractile force, these technologies can overcome the limitations inherent in singular sensing modalities and enable a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic responses of organoids. Furthermore, this review discusses strategies for integrating strategies of multimodal sensing approaches (e.g., the combination of microfluidics with MEA and optical methods) and highlights future challenges related to sensor implantation in vascularized organoids, signal stability during long-term culture, and the standardization of clinical translation.
类器官与生物传感器的整合构成了人类生理学和疾病的微型模型，极大地改变了围绕药物开发、毒性测试和个性化医疗的研究框架。本综述旨在为研究人员提供一个全面的框架，以确定合适的技术方法，并推动类器官传感向增强仿生和智能化发展。为此，系统地概述并比较了几种主要的技术整合方法，包括微流控集成系统、基于微电极阵列（MEA）的电生理记录系统、光学传感系统、机械力传感技术、基于场效应晶体管（FET）的传感技术、基于合成生物学工具的生物杂交系统以及无标记技术，包括阻抗、表面等离子体共振（SPR）和质谱成像。通过多模态协作，如将用于记录心脏类器官电信号的MEA与用于监测收缩力的微柱阵列相结合，这些技术可以克服单一传感模式固有的局限性，并能够对类器官的动态反应进行全面分析。此外，本综述讨论了整合多模态传感方法策略（如微流控与MEA和光学方法的结合），并强调了与血管化类器官中的传感器植入、长期培养期间的信号稳定性以及临床转化标准化相关的未来挑战。
