Bull World Health Organ. 1983;61(2):269-75.
Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a public health problem throughout most of the European and Asian land mass. Although predominantly associated with rural areas, it is now being recognized as an urban problem in some countries, and also presents a particular hazard to laboratory staff who use rodents for biomedical research. In wild rodents (rats, mice and voles) the infection is asymptomatic. Human infection with the HFRS agent(s) is sporadic, but under special circumstances epidemics occur; the infection may be completely silent, or associated with mild or severe disease. Severe cases are usually seen in the Far East. The epidemiological features of the disease vary from country to country and depend upon a variety of factors, the elucidation of which requires a multidisciplinary approach. The recently discovered Hantaan virus is the etiologic agent of HFRS in Asia. It is now possible to detect Hantaan virus antigen by immunofluorescence using either infected mouse lung or infected human cells as substrate. Prevention measures to date have concentrated on rodent control; the role played by the ectoparasites of rodents, if any, has still to be elucidated. Antigens have been detected in rodents captured in HFRS-endemic areas in China, Finland, Japan, Sweden, and the Soviet Union. None of these have been cultured as yet, but preliminary results with the Puumala agent detected in Finland indicate a relationship with the Hantaan virus. Sera collected from Scandinavian patients react to a high titre with both Puumala and Hantaan agents, whereas sera collected from patients in East Asia have much higher titres against the homologous antigen. Surveillance is very important and further research on the virus is needed, especially to identify the virus in the West and to determine strain differences.
肾综合征出血热（HFRS）是欧洲和亚洲大部分地区的一个公共卫生问题。虽然该病主要与农村地区相关，但现在在一些国家已被视为城市问题，并且对从事生物医学研究且使用啮齿动物的实验室工作人员也构成特殊危害。在野生啮齿动物（大鼠、小鼠和田鼠）中，感染是无症状的。人类感染HFRS病原体是散发性的，但在特殊情况下会发生流行；感染可能完全没有症状，也可能与轻度或重度疾病相关。严重病例通常出现在远东地区。该病的流行病学特征因国家而异，取决于多种因素，对这些因素的阐释需要采用多学科方法。最近发现的汉坦病毒是亚洲HFRS的病原体。现在可以使用感染的小鼠肺或感染的人类细胞作为底物，通过免疫荧光检测汉坦病毒抗原。迄今为止，预防措施主要集中在控制啮齿动物；啮齿动物体外寄生虫所起的作用（如果有的话）仍有待阐明。在中国、芬兰、日本、瑞典和苏联的HFRS流行地区捕获的啮齿动物中已检测到抗原。这些抗原尚未培养成功，但在芬兰检测到的普马拉病原体的初步结果表明它与汉坦病毒有关。从斯堪的纳维亚患者采集的血清与普马拉和汉坦病原体都有高滴度反应，而从东亚患者采集的血清对同源抗原的滴度要高得多。监测非常重要，需要对该病毒进行进一步研究，特别是要在西方识别该病毒并确定毒株差异。
