Naeye R L
Am J Pathol. 1978 Feb;90(2):289-94.
Congenital anomalies caused 3.43 perinatal deaths/1000 births, as reported in a large prospective study. At all gestational ages the mortality rates progressively increased when gravidas smoked more than 10 cigarettes/day. An excessive death rate was also found in males, in offspring of mothers over 39 years of age, and in women of low socioeconomic status. Placentas associated with the malformed infants had an increased frequency of single umbilical arteries and abnormal insertions of fetal membranes and umbilical cords into the placenta.
一项大型前瞻性研究报告称,先天性异常导致每1000例出生中有3.43例围产期死亡。在所有孕周,孕妇每天吸烟超过10支时,死亡率会逐渐上升。在男性、母亲年龄超过39岁的后代以及社会经济地位较低的女性中也发现了过高的死亡率。与畸形婴儿相关的胎盘单脐动脉、胎膜和脐带异常插入胎盘的频率增加。