Kowal N E, Zirkes M
J Toxicol Environ Health. 1983 Apr-Jun;11(4-6):607-24. doi: 10.1080/15287398309530371.
Approximately 1000 urine samples were collected from the general adult U.S. population and were analyzed for cadmium, beta 2-microglobulin, specific gravity, and creatinine. The distributions of urinary cadmium and beta 2-microglobulin levels were quantified for use as benchmarks against which the effects of environmental cadmium exposure may be measured. Urinary cadmium is significantly higher in females than males, and increases significantly with age. Urinary beta 2-microglobulin is significantly higher in males than females, is probably related to age, and does not significantly increase with increased urinary cadmium (at the levels found). Since urinary creatinine is lower in females than males and is a function of age, specific gravity is concluded to be the most straightforward and practical parameter to use in data adjustment for urine concentration.
从美国普通成年人群中收集了约1000份尿液样本，并对其进行镉、β2-微球蛋白、比重和肌酐分析。对尿镉和β2-微球蛋白水平的分布进行了量化，用作衡量环境镉暴露影响的基准。女性尿镉水平显著高于男性，且随年龄显著增加。男性尿β2-微球蛋白水平显著高于女性，可能与年龄有关，且随尿镉增加（在所发现的水平上）无显著增加。由于女性尿肌酐低于男性且是年龄的函数，因此得出比重是用于尿液浓度数据调整的最直接和实用的参数。
