McLaughlin J K, Blot W J, Mandel J S, Schuman L M, Mehl E S, Fraumeni J F
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983 Aug;71(2):287-91.
A population-based case--control interview study of cancer of the renal pelvis (74 cases and 697 controls) conducted in the Minneapolis--St. Paul metropolitan area showed cigarette smoking to be the major cause of this cancer. The odds ratio (OR) for cigarette smoking was 7.6 among males [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2-31.5] and 5.8 among females (95% CI: 2.0-17.3), with the OR exceeding 10 for heavy smokers of both sexes. Long-term use of analgesics and several occupational exposures were also found to be risk factors. In addition, there were unexpected positive associations among females for heavy tea consumption and for use of estrogen medications, although the significance of these relationships remains to be clarified.
在明尼阿波利斯 - 圣保罗大都市地区开展的一项基于人群的肾盂癌病例对照访谈研究（74例病例和697名对照）表明，吸烟是这种癌症的主要病因。男性吸烟的优势比（OR）为7.6[95%置信区间（CI）：2.2 - 31.5]，女性为5.8（95%CI：2.0 - 17.3），两性重度吸烟者的OR均超过10。长期使用镇痛药和几种职业暴露也被发现是危险因素。此外，女性中重度饮茶和使用雌激素药物之间存在意外的正相关关系，尽管这些关系的意义尚待阐明。
