Pant C P, Rishikesh N, Bang Y H, Smith A
Bull World Health Organ. 1981;59(3):325-33.
Malaria control, except in tropical Africa, will probably continue to be based to a large extent on the use of insecticides for many years. However, the development of resistance to insecticides in the vectors has caused serious difficulties and it is necessary to change the strategy of insecticide use to maximize their efficacy. A thorough knowledge of the ecology and behaviour of each vector species is required before the control strategy can be adapted to different epidemiological situations. The behavioural differences between sibling species have been recognized for several years, but study of this problem has recently been simplified by improved means of identification that involve chromosomal banding patterns and electrophoretic analysis. Behavioural differences have also been associated with certain chromosomal rearrangements.New records of insecticide resistance among anophelines continue to appear and the impact of this on antimalaria operations has been seriously felt in Central America (multi-resistance in Anopheles albimanus), Turkey (A. sacharovi), India and several Asian countries (A. culicifacies and A. stephensi), and some other countries. Work continues on the screening and testing of newer insecticides that can be used as alternatives, but DDT, malathion, temephos, fenitrothion, and propoxur continue to be used as the main insecticides in many malaria control projects. The search for simpler and innovative approaches to insecticide application also continues.Biological control of vectors is receiving increased attention, as it could become an important component of integrated vector control strategies, and most progress has been made with the spore-forming bacterium, serotype H-14 of Bacillus thuringiensis. Larvivorous fish such as Gambusia spp. and Poecilia spp. continue to be used in some programmes.Application of environmental management measures, such as source reduction, source elimination, flushing of drainage and irrigation channels, and intermittent irrigation have been re-examined and currently a great deal of interest is being shown in these approaches.There has been limited interest in the genetic control of mosquitos and the phenomenon of refractoriness in some strains of the disease vectors, with the idea of replacing the vector species with the refractory strain. More research is needed before this approach can become a practical tool.It is apparent that in future a more integrated approach will have to be used for vector control within the context of antimalaria programmes. Training of staff, research, and cooperation at all levels will be an essential requirement for this approach.
除热带非洲外，疟疾控制在很大程度上可能在多年内仍将依赖杀虫剂的使用。然而，病媒对杀虫剂产生抗药性已带来严重困难，因此有必要改变杀虫剂使用策略以最大化其效果。在调整控制策略以适应不同的流行病学情况之前，需要全面了解每种病媒物种的生态和行为。同胞物种之间的行为差异已被认识多年，但最近由于采用了涉及染色体带型和电泳分析的改进鉴定方法，对这一问题的研究得到了简化。行为差异也与某些染色体重排有关。按蚊中杀虫剂抗药性的新记录不断出现，在中美洲（白纹伊蚊多重抗药性）、土耳其（萨氏按蚊）、印度和几个亚洲国家（致倦库蚊和斯氏按蚊）以及其他一些国家，这对疟疾防治行动产生了严重影响。对可作为替代品的新型杀虫剂的筛选和测试工作仍在继续，但滴滴涕、马拉硫磷、双硫磷、杀螟硫磷和残杀威在许多疟疾控制项目中仍被用作主要杀虫剂。寻找更简单、创新的杀虫剂应用方法的工作也在继续。病媒的生物控制正受到越来越多的关注，因为它可能成为综合病媒控制策略的重要组成部分，其中苏云金芽孢杆菌血清型H - 14这种形成孢子的细菌取得的进展最大。食蚊鱼如食蚊鱼属和剑尾鱼属在一些项目中仍被使用。环境管理措施的应用，如减少源头、消除源头、冲洗排水和灌溉渠道以及间歇性灌溉，已被重新审视，目前人们对这些方法表现出极大兴趣。对蚊子的遗传控制以及一些病媒菌株中的不应性现象的兴趣有限，其想法是用不应性菌株取代病媒物种。在这种方法成为实用工具之前，还需要更多研究。显然，未来在疟疾防治项目中，必须采用更综合的方法来控制病媒。各级工作人员的培训、研究与合作将是这种方法的基本要求。
