Interaction of actinomycin D, ethidium, quinacrine, daunorubicin, and tetralysine with DNA: 31P NMR chemical shift and relaxation investigation.

The binding of actinomycin D, ethidium, quinacrine, daunorubicin, and tetralysine to DNA has been investigated using 31P NMR. Titration of DNA with actinomycin yields a new downfield peak or overlapping peaks as would be expected from the slow dissociation kinetics of this compound. The other intercalators shift the DNA 31P signal downfield as a single exchange averaged peak. Tetralysine causes a slight upfield shift. The chemical shift titration curves for the intercalators are sigmoid curves suggesting that cooperative processes or competing effects on the chemical shift are being observed. The magnitude of the chemical shift change at saturation of DNA with the compounds is found to vary significantly and to be linearly related to the DNA base pair unwinding angle for the compounds. Analysis of 31P spin lattice relaxation times (T1) and linewidths as a function of temperature (below Tm) and titration with the above compounds indicates that T1 does not change significantly while linewidth increases with decreasing temperature and increasing bound intercalator. One interpretation of these results is that in both cases the overall motion of DNA becomes slower while the internal motion is not greatly affected.