Russell J A
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Psychol Bull. 1995 Nov;118(3):379-91. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.379.
This article discusses the controversy over whether attribution (recognition) of emotions from facial expressions is universal (P. Ekman, 1994; C. E. Izard, 1994; J. A. Russell, 1994). Agreement emerged on various issues. There exists at least Minimal Universality (people everywhere can infer something about others from their facial behavior). Anger, sadness, and other semantic categories for emotion are not pancultural and are not the precise messages conveyed by facial expressions. Emotions can occur without facial expressions, and facial expressions can occur without emotions. Further evidence is needed to determine the relationship between emotion and facial behavior, what determines that relationship, how facial behavior is interpreted, and how much the interpretation varies with culture and language. Ekman's (1994) objections are answered.
本文讨论了关于从面部表情识别情绪是否具有普遍性这一争议（P. 埃克曼，1994；C. E. 伊扎德，1994；J. A. 拉塞尔，1994）。在各种问题上达成了共识。至少存在最低限度的普遍性（各地的人们都能从他人的面部行为中推断出一些信息）。愤怒、悲伤以及其他情绪语义类别并非跨文化的，也不是面部表情所传达的精确信息。情绪可以在没有面部表情的情况下出现，面部表情也可以在没有情绪的情况下出现。需要进一步的证据来确定情绪与面部行为之间的关系、决定这种关系的因素、面部行为是如何被解读的，以及这种解读在多大程度上因文化和语言而异。埃克曼（1994）的反对意见得到了回应。
