Seasickness as a self-fulfilling prophecy: raising self-efficacy to boost performance at sea.

Applying the self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP) approach to combating seasickness, the authors experimentally augmented the self-efficacy of naval cadets by telling them that they were unlikely to experience seasickness and that, if they did, it was unlikely to affect their performance at sea. Naval cadets (N = 25) in the Israel Defense Forces were randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions. At the end of a 5-day training cruise, experimental cadets reported less seasickness and were rated as better performers by naive training officers than were the control cadets. There was a nonsignificant tendency for the experimental effects to be stronger among cadets of lower initial self-efficacy, suggestive of behavioral plasticity. Reducing seasickness by verbally enhancing self-efficacy is discussed as an application of "verbal placebo." These findings extend the generalizability of the SFP-at-work model and suggest new arenas for its practical application.