Katsouyanni K
University of Athens Medical School, Greece.
Environ Health Perspect. 1995 Mar;103 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):23-7. doi: 10.1289/ehp.95103s223.
Recent results suggest that adverse health effects of air pollution exist at levels of pollutants around or even below air quality standards set by national and international institutions. Furthermore, there are indications that air pollution effects on health may be partly determined by specific mixtures of air pollutants and may be altered by other environmental, behavioral, and social patterns. Southern European countries share some common characteristics in terms of climate, geography, and life activity patterns. Results from studies undertaken in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain investigating short- and long-term air pollution health effects are presented and their consistency demonstrated. These results provide adequate evidence that health effects--particularly short-term--of the currently measured urban air pollution levels exist. However, information available so far does not allow an assessment of regional differences in the health effects of air pollution as far as the Mediterranean region of Europe is concerned. It is suggested that the interaction between the traditional pollution (mainly characterized by high levels of black smoke and SO2) and photochemical pollution must be investigated in this area, as well as the possible interaction between air pollution and high temperature and other meteorologic factors. In addition, measurements of individual exposure to different pollutants, affected by the pollutant's levels in specific micro-environments and the individual's time-activity pattern, must be undertaken for a better understanding of the air pollution-health link. Finally, the importance of the reported air pollution health effects in terms of public health must be addressed more closely.
近期研究结果表明，空气污染对健康产生的不良影响在污染物浓度处于甚至低于国家和国际机构设定的空气质量标准时就已存在。此外，有迹象表明，空气污染对健康的影响可能部分取决于空气污染物的特定混合物，并且可能会受到其他环境、行为和社会模式的改变。南欧国家在气候、地理和生活活动模式方面具有一些共同特征。本文展示了在法国、希腊、意大利、葡萄牙和西班牙开展的关于短期和长期空气污染对健康影响的研究结果，并证明了它们的一致性。这些结果充分证明了目前所测城市空气污染水平对健康产生了影响——尤其是短期影响。然而，就欧洲地中海地区而言，目前所掌握的信息尚无法对空气污染健康影响的区域差异进行评估。建议在该地区研究传统污染（主要特征为黑烟和二氧化硫含量高）与光化学污染之间的相互作用，以及空气污染与高温和其他气象因素之间可能存在的相互作用。此外，必须测量个体对不同污染物的暴露情况，这受特定微环境中污染物水平以及个体时间活动模式的影响，以便更好地理解空气污染与健康之间的联系。最后，必须更密切地关注所报告的空气污染对健康的影响在公共卫生方面的重要性。
