Weinberg R S, Comar W
Department of Physical Education, Health and Sport Studies, Miami University, Ohio.
Sports Med. 1994 Dec;18(6):406-18. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199418060-00005.
The use of psychological interventions in competitive sport to enhance performance has become increasingly popular. However, the effectiveness of these interventions has been questioned by some sports psychologists. In general, educationally-based psychological interventions have produced significant increases in performance. Specifically, it was found that 38 of the 45 studies examined (85%) had found positive performance effects, although causality could only be inferred in 20 of these studies. These interventions could be classified as relaxation-based, cognitive, cognitive-behavioural or behavioural in nature. Although general support was provided for the effectiveness of psychological interventions in competitive sports, a number of methodological shortcomings limit the application of the findings. For example, future intervention research in competitive sport should employ more detailed manipulation checks, include follow-up assessments beyond a mere post-test, include placebo-control groups to control for expectancy effects and include more diverse samples. In addition to the empirical intervention research, recent research employing qualitative methodologies has greatly added to our understanding of the types of interventions and what type of sport psychology consultants most positively affect performance enhancement, as well as the personal growth of athletes. Continued quantitative and qualitative research needs to be conducted so that a better understanding is gained of how to conduct psychological interventions with athletes that will enhance performance as well as personal growth.
在竞技体育中运用心理干预来提高成绩已变得越来越普遍。然而，一些运动心理学家对这些干预措施的有效性提出了质疑。总体而言，基于教育的心理干预已使成绩显著提高。具体而言，在所审查的45项研究中，有38项（85%）发现了积极的成绩效果，尽管其中只有20项研究能够推断出因果关系。这些干预措施在本质上可分为基于放松、认知、认知行为或行为的干预。虽然心理干预在竞技体育中的有效性得到了普遍支持，但一些方法上的缺陷限制了研究结果的应用。例如，未来竞技体育中的干预研究应采用更详细的操纵检查，包括不仅仅是事后测试的后续评估，纳入安慰剂对照组以控制期望效应，并纳入更多样化的样本。除了实证干预研究之外，最近采用定性方法的研究极大地增进了我们对干预类型以及哪种运动心理学顾问对提高成绩和运动员个人成长最有积极影响的理解。需要持续进行定量和定性研究，以便更好地了解如何对运动员进行心理干预，从而提高成绩以及促进个人成长。
