Pesaro F, Sorg I, Metzler A
Study Group of Environmental Hygiene, Institutes of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1995 Jan;61(1):92-7. doi: 10.1128/aem.61.1.92-97.1995.
The persistence of five animal viruses, representing picorna-, rota-, parvo-, adeno-, and herpesviruses, and the coliphage f2 was determined in the field by exposing the viruses to different animal wastes and by adopting an established filter sandwich technique. This technique allows us to copy the natural state of viruses in the environment, where adsorption onto or incorporation into suspended solids may prolong virus survival. Using filter sandwiches either equipped with porous (15 nm in diameter) or poreless polycarbonate (PC) membranes, it was possible to differentiate between overall virus inactivation and the effect of virucidal agents that act through poreless PC membranes. Depending on ambient temperature, pH, and type of animal waste, values for time, in days, required for a 90% reduction of virus titer varied widely, ranging from less than 1 week for herpesvirus to more than 6 months for rotavirus. Virus inactivation progressed substantially faster in liquid cattle manure, a mixture of urine and water (pH > 8.0), than in semiliquid wastes that consisted of mixtures of feces, urine, water, and bedding materials (pH < 8.0). Hitherto unidentified virucidal agents that permeate poreless PC membranes contributed substantially to the overall inactivation. On the other hand, substances that protect rotavirus and possibly other viruses from inactivation may be present in animal wastes. Together, the study showed that viruses contained in manure may persist for prolonged periods of time if stored under nonaerated conditions. At times of land application, this may lead to environmental contamination with pathogens.
通过将五种动物病毒（分别代表小核糖核酸病毒、轮状病毒、细小病毒、腺病毒和疱疹病毒）以及大肠杆菌噬菌体f2暴露于不同动物粪便中，并采用既定的滤膜夹层技术，在野外测定了它们的持久性。这种技术使我们能够模拟病毒在环境中的自然状态，在这种状态下，病毒吸附于或掺入悬浮固体中可能会延长其存活时间。使用配备有孔径为15纳米的多孔聚碳酸酯（PC）膜或无孔PC膜的滤膜夹层，可以区分病毒的总体失活情况以及通过无孔PC膜起作用的杀病毒剂的效果。根据环境温度、pH值和动物粪便类型的不同，病毒滴度降低90%所需的时间（以天为单位）差异很大，从疱疹病毒的不到1周到轮状病毒的超过6个月不等。病毒在液态牛粪（尿液和水的混合物，pH值>8.0）中的失活速度明显快于由粪便、尿液、水和垫料组成的半液态废物（pH值<8.0）。迄今尚未鉴定出的能透过无孔PC膜的杀病毒剂对总体失活有很大贡献。另一方面，动物粪便中可能存在保护轮状病毒及其他可能病毒不被灭活的物质。总之，该研究表明，如果在非曝气条件下储存，粪便中的病毒可能会长期存在。在土地施用时，这可能会导致病原体对环境的污染。
