Fyock J, Stangor C
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742.
Br J Soc Psychol. 1994 Sep;33 ( Pt 3):331-43. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01029.x.
It has frequently been proposed that stereotypes are self-maintaining at least in part because people tend to better remember expectancy-confirming (versus expectancy-disconfirming) information about social groups. This memory bias is assumed to occur because stereotype-consistent behaviours and traits are more easily associated with the social group label in memory, and thus are more readily activated from memory when thinking about the group or about group members. The results of 26 experiments that studied memory for information describing members of existing social groups were meta-analytically investigated to assess the validity of this hypothesis. As predicted, this analysis revealed an overall consistency effect for both free recall memory and for recognition memory measures that were not controlled for guessing. Analysis of relevant moderating variables suggested that these effects were due to more strongly developed mental associations between expectancy-consistent (versus -inconsistent) information and the group label. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for stereotype maintenance, and for the process of stereotyping.
人们经常提出，刻板印象至少在一定程度上是自我维持的，因为人们往往更容易记住与社会群体相关的、符合预期（而非不符合预期）的信息。这种记忆偏差被认为是由于与刻板印象一致的行为和特征在记忆中更容易与社会群体标签联系起来，因此在想到该群体或群体成员时，更容易从记忆中被激活。对26项研究现有社会群体成员信息记忆的实验结果进行了元分析，以评估这一假设的有效性。正如预测的那样，该分析揭示了自由回忆记忆和未控制猜测的识别记忆测量方面的总体一致性效应。对相关调节变量的分析表明，这些效应是由于预期一致（而非不一致）的信息与群体标签之间更强的心理关联所致。将根据这些结果对刻板印象维持和刻板印象形成过程的影响进行讨论。
