Doorn C D, Poortinga J, Verschoor A M
Department of Clinical Psychology, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Arch Sex Behav. 1994 Apr;23(2):185-201. doi: 10.1007/BF01542098.
A self-theory of transvestism and secondary transsexuality in which gender identity is a major self subsystem has been advanced in previous research. Within this framework transsexuals and transvestites were compared on a number of developmental characteristics. While early-onset transsexuals (n = 103) were dominantly female, both late-onset transsexuals (n = 52) and transvestites (n = 36) showed much more feminine behavior than expected. This was interpreted as a sign that they were already developing a feminine gender identity in their early years. Implications for this theory were discussed: (i) The assumption of two gender identity subsystems (a masculine and a feminine) in any human being, which can have any relative strength; (ii) the incorporation of the concept of expression of an identity subsystem, which can be unconditional or conditional (i.e., expression of aspects of the self only if certain conditions are fulfilled) and which has the function of self-seeking. Two continua are proposed. One ranges from a strong feminine gender identity subsystem that is unconditionally expressed to weak unexpressed femininity. The second ranges from a strong and unconditionally expressed masculinity to a weak masculinity. Male-to-female transsexuals (and "normal" females) are characterized by a strong unconditionally expressed feminine gender identity in combination with a weak unexpressed masculinity. Transvestism is a position in between in which both masculinity and femininity are conditionally expressed.
在先前的研究中，提出了一种关于异装癖和继发性易性癖的自我理论，其中性别认同是一个主要的自我子系统。在此框架内，对易性癖者和异装癖者的一些发展特征进行了比较。虽然早发性易性癖者（n = 103）以女性为主，但晚发性易性癖者（n = 52）和异装癖者（n = 36）都表现出比预期更多的女性化行为。这被解释为他们在早年就已经在发展女性性别认同的迹象。讨论了该理论的含义：（i）假设任何人都有两个性别认同子系统（一个男性化的和一个女性化的），它们可以有任何相对强度；（ii）纳入身份子系统表达的概念，该表达可以是无条件的或有条件的（即，只有在满足某些条件时才表达自我的各个方面），并且具有自我寻求的功能。提出了两个连续体。一个从无条件表达的强烈女性性别认同子系统到未表达的微弱女性气质。第二个从强烈且无条件表达的男性气质到微弱的男性气质。男变女易性癖者（以及“正常”女性）的特征是强烈的无条件表达的女性性别认同与微弱的未表达的男性气质相结合。异装癖处于两者之间的位置，其中男性气质和女性气质都是有条件地表达。
