Williams A M, Davids K, Burwitz L, Williams J G
University of Liverpool, England.
Res Q Exerc Sport. 1994 Jun;65(2):127-35. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1994.10607607.
This study investigated skill-based differences in anticipation and visual search strategy within open-play situations in soccer. Experienced (n = 15) and inexperienced (n = 15) subjects were required to anticipate pass destination from filmed soccer sequences viewed on a large 3-m x 3-m video projection screen. MANCOVA showed that experienced soccer players demonstrated superior anticipatory performance. Univariate analyses revealed between-group differences in speed of response but not in response accuracy. Also, inexperienced players fixated more frequently on the ball and the player passing the ball, whereas experienced players fixated on peripheral aspects of the display, such as the positions and movements of other players. The experienced group fixated on significantly more locations than their inexperienced counterparts. Further differences were noted in search rate, with experienced players exhibiting more fixations of shorter duration. The experienced group's higher search rate contradicted previous research. However, this resulted from using 11 on 11 film sequences, which were never previously used in visual search research. The increased frequency of eye fixations was regarded as being more advantageous for anticipating pass destination during open play in soccer. Finally, a number of practical implications were highlighted.
本研究调查了足球比赛开放场景中基于技能的预判和视觉搜索策略差异。要求经验丰富的受试者（n = 15）和缺乏经验的受试者（n = 15）从在3米×3米的大型视频投影屏幕上观看的足球比赛录像片段中预判传球目标。多变量协方差分析表明，经验丰富的足球运动员表现出更出色的预判能力。单变量分析显示，两组在反应速度上存在差异，但在反应准确性上没有差异。此外，缺乏经验的球员更频繁地注视球和传球球员，而经验丰富的球员则注视画面的周边区域，如其他球员的位置和动作。经验丰富的组比缺乏经验的组注视的位置显著更多。在搜索速率方面也发现了进一步的差异，经验丰富的球员表现出更多持续时间较短的注视。经验丰富的组较高的搜索速率与先前的研究结果相矛盾。然而，这是由于使用了11对11的比赛录像片段，而此前视觉搜索研究中从未使用过此类片段。在足球比赛的开放场景中，注视频率的增加被认为对预判传球目标更具优势。最后，强调了一些实际意义。
