Traynor M P, Begay M E, Glantz S A
Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
JAMA. 1993 Jul 28;270(4):479-86.
We examined the tobacco industry's new strategy to defeat and then repeal tobacco control ordinances in California and the efforts of health professionals to pass and defend these ordinances. Case studies were conducted in California communities in 1991 and 1992, using published reports, public documents, attendance at public meetings, and interviews. The tobacco industry is spending millions of dollars to intervene in California communities to oppose legislation protecting nonsmokers from secondhand smoke. The tobacco industry has moved beyond organizing smokers to use professional public affairs and political campaign firms to defeat or weaken local tobacco control ordinances. The industry used front groups to conceal its involvement because public knowledge of the industry's involvement increases support for legislation controlling smoking. Some firms closely monitor developing ordinances, while others actively organize and direct local opposition. If these efforts do not weaken or defeat an ordinance, the tobacco industry initiates a referendum petition drive to suspend it to pressure local elected officials to repeal or weaken it. If this tactic fails, the industry often finances an election campaign to repeal the ordinance by popular vote. Although the tobacco industry's new strategy has hindered the passage of some local tobacco control ordinances, when health professionals and elected officials remained active and committed, the industry's efforts have failed and the ordinances have been upheld.
我们研究了烟草行业为挫败并随后废除加利福尼亚州烟草控制条例而采取的新策略，以及卫生专业人员为通过并捍卫这些条例所做的努力。1991年和1992年，我们在加利福尼亚州的社区开展了案例研究，研究方法包括查阅已发表的报告、公共文件、参加公众会议以及进行访谈。烟草行业正花费数百万美元干预加利福尼亚州的社区，以反对保护不吸烟者免受二手烟危害的立法。烟草行业已不再局限于组织吸烟者，而是利用专业的公共事务和政治竞选公司来挫败或削弱地方烟草控制条例。该行业利用幌子团体来隐瞒其参与情况，因为公众知晓该行业的参与会增加对控制吸烟立法的支持。一些公司密切关注正在制定的条例，而另一些公司则积极组织并引导地方反对力量。如果这些努力未能削弱或挫败一项条例，烟草行业就会发起公民投票请愿活动，以使该条例暂停实施，从而向地方当选官员施压，要求他们废除或削弱该条例。如果这一策略失败，该行业通常会资助一场选举活动，通过民众投票来废除该条例。尽管烟草行业的新策略阻碍了一些地方烟草控制条例的通过，但当卫生专业人员和当选官员保持积极态度并坚定决心时，该行业的努力就会失败，条例也会得以维持。
