Fiske S T
Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003.
Am Psychol. 1993 Jun;48(6):621-8. doi: 10.1037//0003-066x.48.6.621.
This article presents a theory of the mutually reinforcing interaction between power and stereotyping, mediated by attention. The powerless attend to the powerful who control their outcomes, in an effort to enhance prediction and control, so forming complex, potentially nonstereotypic impressions. The powerful pay less attention, so are more vulnerable to stereotyping. The powerful (a) need not attend to the other to control their own outcomes, (b) cannot attend because they tend to be attentionally overloaded, and (c) if they have high need for dominance, may not want to attend. Stereotyping and power are mutually reinforcing because stereotyping itself exerts control, maintaining and justifying the status quo. Two legal cases and a body of research illustrate the theory and suggest organizational change strategies.
本文提出了一种由注意力介导的权力与刻板印象之间相互强化作用的理论。无权者关注控制其结果的有权者，以增强预测和控制能力，从而形成复杂的、可能非刻板的印象。有权者关注较少，因此更容易受到刻板印象的影响。有权者：(a) 无需关注他人就能控制自己的结果；(b) 由于注意力往往过度负荷而无法关注；(c) 如果他们有较高的支配需求，可能不想关注。刻板印象和权力相互强化，因为刻板印象本身就能施加控制，维持并证明现状的合理性。两个法律案例及一系列研究对该理论进行了阐释，并提出了组织变革策略。
