Mucke L, Eddleston M
Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
FASEB J. 1993 Oct;7(13):1226-32. doi: 10.1096/fasebj.7.13.8405808.
The central nervous system (CNS) can be invaded and damaged by a variety of microbes. The host response to such injury involves CNS cells, and in many cases hematogenous cells also. Recent experiments indicate that astrocytes, macroglial resident cells of the CNS, play key roles in this process. The astroglial production of trophic factors and elimination of neurotoxins are likely to fulfill important protective and reparative functions during CNS infection. In addition, astrocytes could, in concert with microglial cells, regulate the recruitment and activity of infiltrating hematogenous cells through their expression of cytokines, proteases, protease inhibitors, adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix components. Although previous experiments suggested that astrocytes might initiate inflammatory demyelinating disease by presenting CNS antigens to autoreactive immune cells, current evidence points against such a detrimental activity. In view of the generally beneficial role of astrocytes, impairments of astroglial function by microbes or host-derived factors have the potential to contribute to neurologic disease. Diseases in which this pathogenetic process may be relevant include HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex and spongiform encephalopathies.
中枢神经系统（CNS）会受到多种微生物的侵袭和损害。宿主对这种损伤的反应涉及中枢神经系统细胞，在许多情况下还涉及造血细胞。最近的实验表明，星形胶质细胞，即中枢神经系统的大胶质常驻细胞，在这一过程中发挥着关键作用。在中枢神经系统感染期间，星形胶质细胞产生的营养因子和清除神经毒素可能发挥重要的保护和修复功能。此外，星形胶质细胞可以与小胶质细胞协同作用，通过其细胞因子、蛋白酶、蛋白酶抑制剂、黏附分子和细胞外基质成分的表达来调节浸润性造血细胞的募集和活性。尽管先前的实验表明星形胶质细胞可能通过将中枢神经系统抗原呈递给自身反应性免疫细胞来引发炎性脱髓鞘疾病，但目前的证据表明并非如此有害。鉴于星形胶质细胞通常具有有益作用，微生物或宿主来源的因素对星形胶质细胞功能的损害有可能导致神经疾病。这一发病过程可能相关的疾病包括HIV-1相关认知/运动复合体和海绵状脑病。
