Java R I
Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, England.
Psychol Aging. 1996 Mar;11(1):108-11. doi: 10.1037//0882-7974.11.1.108.
Younger and older participants did word-association tasks after implicit and explicit instructions and a read-generate study manipulation. No age differences were shown in the implicit version of the test. A generation effect for both age groups suggested that word-association priming can be classified as a conceptually driven task and a new task at which older adults show a relatively preserved memory function. However, the younger group did better on the explicit test in the generate condition. Participants were asked to examine their implicitly produced responses to make them accessible to conscious retrieval. Remember (R) and Know (K) measures of conscious awareness were applied to both postimplicit and postexplicit word-association responses. Age and awareness showed opposite effects in postimplicit retrieval. Younger participants tended to make more R responses than did the older adults, and K responses did not vary with age, but the older group was unaware of more primed items as study list members. Age differences were also shown in R but not K responses after word-association cued recall.
年轻和年长的参与者在接受内隐和外显指令以及进行阅读-生成研究操作后，完成了单词联想任务。在测试的内隐版本中未显示出年龄差异。两个年龄组的生成效应表明，单词联想启动可以被归类为一项概念驱动的任务以及一项老年人表现出相对保留的记忆功能的新任务。然而，在生成条件下的外显测试中，年轻组表现得更好。参与者被要求检查他们内隐产生的反应，以便能够进行有意识的检索。对内隐和外显单词联想反应都应用了意识觉知的“记得（R）”和“知道（K）”测量方法。年龄和觉知在对内隐反应的检索中表现出相反的效应。年轻参与者比年长成年人倾向于做出更多的R反应，K反应不随年龄变化，但年长组对更多作为学习列表项目的启动项目没有意识。在单词联想线索回忆后的R反应中也显示出年龄差异，但K反应中没有。
