Rissanen S, Rintamäki H
Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Laboratory of Physiology, Finland.
Ergonomics. 1997 Feb;40(2):141-50. doi: 10.1080/001401397188260.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of long term cold exposure on thermal responses and physical performance in men while wearing nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) protective clothing. Six healthy men performed 60 min work/60 min rest cycles during 8 hours at an ambient temperature of -10 degrees C. Work was performed by stepping on a 20 cm high bench 15 times.min-1. Subjects were tested while wearing two different types of NBC clothing: impermeable rubber suit (IP) or semipermeable charcoal impregnated suit (SP) with cold weather underwear layers, as well as rubber gloves, boots and a full-face mask. During the tests oxygen consumption (VO2), rectal (Tre) and skin temperatures and sweat production were measured. Rectal and skin temperatures and body heat content followed the work/rest cycles in both types of NBC clothing. T(re) averaged 37.1 +/- 0.04 and 37.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C for IP and SP (NS), respectively. On average, mean skin temperature (Tsk) was 28.6 +/- 0.2 and 29.7 +/- 0.2 degrees C for IP and SP (p < 0.01), respectively. Finger skin temperature decreased rapidly to below 10 degrees C in both ensembles during the rest periods. During work the finger rewarming rate was 0.49 +/- 0.06 and 0.70 +/- 0.02 degree C.min-1 for IP and SP (p < 0.01), respectively. Decrease in body heat storage (S) during cold exposure was smaller in SP than in IP and S was restored to the level of -0.6 +/- 0.3 and -3.0 +/- 0.6 kJ.kg-1 in SP and IP (p < 0.01), respectively, during the work. Work load, according to VO2 measurements, was 1.5 +/- 0.1 and 1.3 +/- 0.11.min-1 for IP and SP (p < 0.05), respectively. Furthermore, during rest VO2 was 30% (p < 0.001) higher in IP than in SP. In conclusion, both types of NBC protective clothing could be used for long periods in cold conditions at a moderate work load without marked whole body heat debt or heat load. However, peripheral parts of the body experienced a rapid and severe cooling during the rest periods. The semipermeable suit enabled higher body heat storage and faster rewarming of extremities during work than the impermeable suit.
本研究的目的是考察长期冷暴露对男性穿着核生化（NBC）防护服时热反应和身体机能的影响。六名健康男性在-10摄氏度的环境温度下进行了8小时的工作/休息循环，工作60分钟，休息60分钟。工作内容是每分钟踩15次20厘米高的长凳。受试者穿着两种不同类型的NBC防护服进行测试：不透水橡胶服（IP）或带有防寒内衣层的半透性浸炭服（SP），以及橡胶手套、靴子和全面罩。测试过程中测量了耗氧量（VO2）、直肠温度（Tre）、皮肤温度和出汗量。两种类型的NBC防护服中，直肠温度、皮肤温度和身体热量含量均随工作/休息循环而变化。IP组和SP组的Tre平均分别为37.1±0.04和37.3±0.1摄氏度（无显著差异）。平均而言，IP组和SP组的平均皮肤温度（Tsk）分别为28.6±0.2和29.7±0.2摄氏度（p<0.01）。休息期间，两组的手指皮肤温度均迅速降至10摄氏度以下。工作期间，IP组和SP组的手指复温速率分别为0.49±0.06和0.70±0.02摄氏度·分钟-1（p<0.01）。冷暴露期间，SP组身体热量储存（S）的减少幅度小于IP组，工作期间，SP组和IP组的S分别恢复到-0.6±0.3和-3.0±0.6千焦·千克-1的水平（p<0.01）。根据VO2测量结果，IP组和SP组的工作负荷分别为每分钟1.5±0.1和1.3±0.11（p<0.05）。此外，休息期间IP组的VO2比SP组高30%（p<0.001）。总之，两种类型的NBC防护服在寒冷条件下以中等工作负荷长时间使用时，不会出现明显的全身热量亏欠或热负荷。然而，休息期间身体的外周部分会经历快速且严重的降温。与不透水防护服相比，半透性防护服在工作期间能使身体储存更多热量，四肢复温更快。
