Pincivero D M, Bompa T O
Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennyslvania, USA.
Sports Med. 1997 Apr;23(4):247-60. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199723040-00004.
American football has been one of the most popular sports in North America within the past century and has recently received support and increased participation from European nations. Two of the biggest concerns regarding participation in American football are the high incidence of injury and the physical demand for preparation. A basic understanding of the physiological systems utilised in the sport of football is necessary in order to develop optimal training programmes geared specifically for preparation as well as the requirements of individual field positions. Previously, it has been assumed that football relies primarily on an anaerobic source of energy for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resynthesis with approximately 90% coming from the phosphocreatine (PCr) energy system. In lieu of research conducted specifically with football players, it appears that the energy contribution from the anaerobic glycolytic pathway in this sport has been underestimated. The elevated blood lactate levels observed in football players following game participation cast doubt on this hypothesis. Identifying position specific characteristics may also enhance the development of training programmes based on the requirements of the different positions. It appears that offensive and defensive linemen are generally larger, have higher levels of percent body fat and have greater absolute strength scores than all other positions. Offensive backs, defensive backs and wide receivers tend to display the lowest percentages of body fat, lower absolute strength scores, fastest times over 5, 10, 40 and 300m and the highest relative VO2max values. Linebackers appeared to represent a transition group mid way between the backs and linemen for size, body composition, strength, speed and endurance as well as positional duties. Findings within the literature suggest that a lack of cardiovascular development of university and professional football players may prove to be a hindrance to performance with specific regards to thermal regulation. Additional aerobic conditioning as well as the reduction of percent body fat would not only enhance performance, but might play a key role in preventing injuries and allowing a smoother transition into life after football.
在过去的一个世纪里，美式橄榄球一直是北美最受欢迎的运动之一，最近还得到了欧洲国家的支持，参与人数也有所增加。参与美式橄榄球运动的两个最大担忧是受伤发生率高和准备过程中的身体需求。为了制定专门针对准备工作以及各个场上位置要求的最佳训练计划，有必要对橄榄球运动中使用的生理系统有基本的了解。以前，人们认为橄榄球主要依靠无氧能量来源进行三磷酸腺苷（ATP）的再合成，大约90%来自磷酸肌酸（PCr）能量系统。由于缺乏专门针对橄榄球运动员的研究，这项运动中无氧糖酵解途径的能量贡献似乎被低估了。比赛后橄榄球运动员血液中乳酸水平升高，这对这一假设提出了质疑。识别特定位置的特征也可能会根据不同位置的要求促进训练计划的制定。进攻线卫和防守线卫通常比其他所有位置的球员体型更大、体脂百分比更高、绝对力量得分更高。进攻后卫、防守后卫和外接手的体脂百分比往往最低，绝对力量得分较低，5米、10米、40米和300米跑的速度最快，相对最大摄氧量（VO2max）值最高。线卫在体型、身体成分、力量、速度和耐力以及位置职责方面似乎代表了介于后卫和线卫之间的过渡群体。文献中的研究结果表明，大学和职业橄榄球运动员缺乏心血管系统的发展可能会在热调节方面对表现构成阻碍。额外的有氧训练以及体脂百分比的降低不仅会提高表现，还可能在预防受伤以及让运动员更顺利地过渡到橄榄球生涯后的生活中发挥关键作用。
